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Basicsdesignlow-riseresidentialHouses

Annotation

Introduction

1. Architectural and design part

1.2 General plan

1.5 Interior decoration

1.6 Exterior decoration

Conclusion

design house architectural cottage

Introduction

Understanding the customer's needs, the architect creates a general concept of the project, and then develops it to the stage after which the object can be implemented.

During the construction phase, the architect has the difficult job of ensuring that the project is completed exactly as intended.

The architect not only comes up with what, for example, a building or apartment will look like, but also selects the material and analyzes the conditions. This or that object is “born” in his thoughts and is reflected on paper. It is the work of the architect that serves as the starting point for the subsequent activities of the designer, technologist, estimator, engineer, and so on, right up to the painter and landscape design specialist. Despite the fact that such a large number of people are involved in the construction of the object, it is the architect who bears the main burden of responsibility for its normal and safe functioning.

Develops a project that includes all the information necessary for construction. This means that construction methods, the sequence of stages, and so on must be selected. An architect must be able to combine what many consider incompatible - a high level of knowledge in the exact sciences and extraordinary creative abilities. His work, by and large, is akin to the work of an artist. He must feel and understand beauty. But on the other hand, the work of an architect is similar to the work of an engineer. He is required to perform the routine work of calculating a huge number of structural elements and components.

To all this you need to add the point about having a sufficient supply of patience. After all, an architect sometimes sees the final result of his activities years after he started work.

1. Architectural part

1.1 Natural and climatic conditions

This project of a low-rise residential building is intended for climatic region 1B. This area is characterized by the estimated outside air temperature:

· In summer +12 +21 О С, max 33 О С

· In winter -14 -28 O C, min 40 O C

Ground freezing depth 2.20m

Prevailing winds are southwest

1.2 General plan

This site of a low-rise residential building, located in an elite cottage village, is rectangular in shape, in the central part of which there is a cottage. The area of the plot is 3050 m2, the cottage occupies 460 m2, which is approximately 15% of the entire plot. There are also other buildings on the site: a house for service personnel and security, a garage and a swimming pool. The group of buildings is distinguished by its emphasized modernity and unusualness. The entrance to the site is from the western side, and the highway is located on the same side. The main entrance to the house is on the southeast side, and the utility entrance is on the northeast side. This master plan is quite simple, calm and practical. The space adjacent to the house is built on a contrasting combination of artificial building elements and natural forms. The design of the area in front of the house, as well as the decor of the interior space, is characterized by minimalism. The living room window overlooks a lawn with large-format tiled walkways. A tennis court fits well into the landscape - evidence of the active lifestyle of the owners. The construction of a complex of buildings is fundamentally different from the development of a village.

The village itself is located near the center of Kuzbass-the city of Kemerovo in a picturesque area with a favorable environment, far from the bustle of the city. Its unique location guarantees the attractiveness of investments in service sector facilities, residential and office real estate.

Kuzbass is characterized by hilly terrain covered with numerous forests and lakes, which is why the author provides an unusual microclimate in this cottage village.

The cottage is designed for a young family of five - a married couple and their children. The large territory of the cottage site allows each family member to have fun, both with friends and in a small circle of loved ones. All this allows you to avoid conflicts in the family, which are typical between children and their parents, as well as to bring closer and strengthen a young family. This is considered to be important. After all, “fathers and sons” from generation to generation do not find a common language, which contributes to new quarrels, and no one has canceled this.

The site has a clear functional zoning with the following zones: residential zone, utility zone, active recreation zone and barbecue zone. The cottage itself was built at the highest elevation of the site. A fairly simple artificial landscape allows you, while in the house, to get to know the general impression of the area and enjoy the impressive view that opens at any time of the day. Not far from the cottage there is a small tennis court, also located on an embankment, which also gives a wonderful view.

In the north-eastern side of the site there is an active recreation area. There is a tennis court and a multi-purpose sports ground that combines volleyball and basketball courts. The road surface for the active recreation area is made using completely environmentally friendly technology, which meets all European standards at this time. This method of paving is unique. Thanks to the use of a special binding component for crumb rubber, ultra-durable floor coverings that are resistant to aggressive influences are obtained. They are not damaged by alkali, temperature changes, or other mechanical and physical damage. The technology is protected by patents and certified in Russia, the CIS, and the Baltics.

Next to the active recreation area there is an area of economic importance, from which you can easily get to the cottage by walking along the pedestrian sidewalk without disturbing anyone.

In the eastern part of the site there is a barbecue area; nearby there is a platform surrounded by birch trees and decorative elements, on which there are three tables with chairs. All this creates a calm atmosphere in this area.

To the west of the barbecue area there is a flowerbed, an alley, where the following are planted: ornamental plants, linden, birch, apple, and cherry trees, adapted to the harsh Siberian climate. Here, cereals are actively used in plant decoration. The flowerbed is illuminated by low lamps.

Also in the northwestern part of the site there is a quiet recreation area, where there is a small decorative pond, the bottom of which is lined with natural river stone: large and red-brown pebbles. Around the pond there are ornamental plants adapted to our climate. Next to the pond there is a cozy gazebo, near which an alley of weeping willows and small plantings in the form of milkweed, iris, daffodils, dahlias, and delphinium are planted.

In the evening, the cottage area turns into a “wonderful fairy tale”, thanks to the low landscape lanterns, cottage windows and wall lamps on the facade, an enchanting beautiful sight will be revealed to the eye.

On the territory of the cottage plot there are groups of trees, the combination of which is recognized as harmonious and balanced, these are: drooping birch, heart-shaped linden, prickly spruce, Siberian mountain ash. Also on the site are lilacs and bird cherry. Another feature of landscaping is its amazing combination with buildings. It is achieved by using materials present on the facades in the landscape. All landscaping of the cottage area is adapted to the harsh climate.

The roads are covered with paving stones instead of asphalt. This type of road surface is more environmentally friendly. In addition, a feature of paving stone paving is a rich range of colors and a variety of configurations. Traditionally, asphalt is used for road surfaces in cottage villages and cities. But on hot days, the asphalt begins to melt and release toxic substances. In addition, asphalt pavement wears out very quickly. In this project, granite paving stones “Elite Granite” were used - this is a strong and durable material that has recently become very prestigious. With the help of which you can quickly create an unusual and very beautiful road surface and emphasize the elegance and individuality of the owners of the cottage. The cottages, the area around which is paved with granite paving stones, take on an old French appearance. Paving stones are an ideal covering for constructing patios and paths on your property.

The discreet, but at the same time elegant design of the site contributes to the atmosphere of peace and relaxation that prevails here. A harmonious area will become a place for a good rest for the whole family and a source of positive emotions. Comfort, color and uniqueness of the landscape allows you to find peace, peace of mind, confidence, and create better living conditions for several generations of the family, thereby creating peace and confidence in the “tomorrow”

1.3 Ideological and artistic solution

The specific style of this project is largely focused on the “minimalist high-tech” style, adjusted for the conditions of Siberia.

The exterior and interior of the house meet the main objectives - to open the living spaces to the courtyard as much as possible, to provide the owners with conditions for a comfortable life and active recreation. All buildings were built from traditional materials - foam blocks with insulation inside and concrete.

Vertical inserts are designed to visually give stability to the radius roof, rounded eaves and balconies made of brown painted larch. The combination of dark brown and warm white tones emphasizes the graphic and laconic design of the building. Ceramic tiles were used as roofing material. It is quite rarely used with such roof slopes, but in this case it gave the building a more residential look and emphasized the radial rhythm. Numerous ventilation grilles are also located in accordance with the general external geometry of the buildings and are therefore perceived as unique decorative elements.

Huge windows facing southeast provide access to the house to streams of light. Wood, stone, large glazed surfaces become the means that contribute to the limited merging of the architectural structure with the surrounding natural environment.

The fence protects the pillbox from prying eyes; in addition, the building itself, facing the street with its entrance façade, blocks the site. But the opposite side of the building facing the courtyard with façade glazing is maximally open to the external space.

The apparent monotony of the interiors actually meets the main task - not to extinguish the decor and impressions of the outside world, but, on the contrary, to allow nature to enter the house and become a part of life.

1.4 Architectural and planning solution

The central part of the first floor is occupied by a two-height living room, combined with a hall and a kitchen-dining room. There is also a separate block of two bedrooms and a bathroom, a guest bathroom, a dressing room and two storage rooms: a technical one and a refrigeration room. In addition, from here you can access an extension with a large swimming pool, a relaxation room, a sauna, a shower and a gym on the second floor, as well as a garage for two cars. The second floor is reserved for a spacious common room, an office and two bedrooms with bathrooms. One of the bedrooms, which is also adjacent to a spacious dressing room, is occupied by the owners. From the balcony in the central part of the floor there is a view of the two-height living room and the courtyard outside the window.

Utility rooms located in such a way that on the one hand they are hidden from view, and on the other they are easily accessible. The role of the entrance porch is performed by a small vestibule. The two-height living room resembles an atrium. It faces not only the internal balcony with a dark glass fence, but also the windows of the office and the master bedroom on the second floor. High ceilings and a huge front window create the illusion of no walls, a feeling of open space and abundance of air. Even columns trimmed with porcelain stoneware look elegant and light. In such an interior, heavy furniture is appropriate: a massive sofa designed for a large number of guests, a monumental onyx coffee table, a fireplace with a firebox covered with glass on three sides, and a high portal, also trimmed with onyx. In the corners of the living room there are mirrored stands, decorated with many thick candles. The fireplace block serves as a means of zoning space.

In the spacious relaxation room located near the pool, in addition to a comfortable sofa installed in front of the TV screen, there is also a bar counter with a dark glass tabletop and a coffee table. The minimalist decor is complemented by a zebra-skin carpet, posters on the walls, and futuristic floor lamps with clear glass shades. A sliding glass door leads from the relaxation room to the pool, the walls of which are finished with large-format tiles. Spot lighting is built into the multi-level plasterboard ceilings. There is a sauna directly next to the pool. A distinctive feature of its design is the horizontal and vertical distribution of the lining, due to which the individual geometry of the room is born.

A special feature of the office layout is the corner glazing. As in other rooms on the second floor, here the dark wenge furniture expressively sets off the light ash parquet. The contrast is also supported by wenge doors.

The furniture for the bedroom is white: bed, bedside tables, dressing table, mirror frame. In general, the room shows a minimalist tendency towards the utmost liberation of space from unnecessary pieces of furniture and decor and the use of strict geometric shapes. However, the general color scheme in the bedroom is somewhat different than in other rooms. One of the walls is painted a calm brown color, the rest are a lighter beige. All this creates conditions for good rest.

In the bathroom, the shapes of the furniture and fixtures are both simple and unusual. Strict functionality, precision and probability of composition are combined here with lightness and grace.

In general, a single trend can be seen in the design of all rooms of the house. The decoration is dominated by white, gray and beige colors in different shades, as well as dark brown and black that stand out effectively against their background. Natural ash parquet, laid in all living rooms on the second floor, contrasts with the wenge decor of handrails and doors, enlivening the overall minimalist picture. The use of large format tiles in the decoration of some areas contributes to their visual enlargement. The sparseness of details and accents gives the space a special expressiveness.

1.5 Interior decoration

	Floor finishing	Ceiling finishing	Wall decoration
Hall/corridors, 1st floor
Living room		Suspended plasterboard ceilings, complex shapes and water-based painting
Dining room/kitchen	Natural parquet (ash) from Amber-Wood + warm floor	Putty, water-based painting and decoration with ceiling fillets	Washing wallpaper from Eijffinger (Holland)
	Porcelain stoneware floor tiles (Italy), + warm floor	Putty, water-based painting and decoration with ceiling fillets
	Tile mosaic from Bisazza (Italy)	Stretch ceilings (seamless), (matte mirror surface) from Clipso (Switzerland)	Moisture-proofing primer, moisture-resistant putty + latex paint from Ticcuril (Finland)
Restroom	Natural parquet (ash) from Amber-Wood	Putty, water-based painting and decoration with ceiling fillets	Vinyl wallpaper from Eijffinger (Holland)
		High quality linden boards	High quality linden boards
Locker room	Parquet boards from Kahrs (Sweden)	Putty, water-based painting and decoration with ceiling fillets	High-quality plaster, putty, water-dispersion acrylate-based paint DuLux (England)
Wardrobe	Parquet boards from Kahrs (Sweden)	High-quality plaster putty + water-based painting DuLux (England)	High-quality plaster, putty + tiles and decor, acrylate-based water-dispersion paint DuLux (England)
Utility room/storage room	Two-layer linoleum Tarkett (Germany)		High-quality plaster, putty + tiles and decor, acrylate-based water-dispersion paint DuLux (England)
	Porcelain stoneware floor tiles (Italy)	High-quality plaster on cement mortar + water-based painting DuLux (England)	High-quality plaster, putty, organo-mineral paint DuLux (England)
Hall/corridors, 2nd floor	Parquet boards from Kahrs (Sweden)		High-quality plaster, putty, acrylate-based water-dispersion paint (relief) DuLux (England)
Bedrooms/office	Natural parquet (ash) from Amber-Wood	Stretch ceilings (seamless) from Clipso (Switzerland)	Vinyl wallpaper from Eijffinger (Holland)
Gym	Natural parquet (ash) from Amber-Wood	Stretch ceilings (seamless), (matte white surface) from Clipso (Switzerland)	High-quality plaster, putty, paint (relief) DuLux (England)
	Tile mosaic from Bisazza (Italy) + heated floor	High-quality plaster, moisture-resistant putty + water-based paint DuLux (England)	Moisture-proofing primer, moisture-resistant putty + latex paint (relief) from Ticcuril (Finland)

1.6 Exterior decoration

	Part of the building
		Unglazed floor tiles with non-slip surface Sociedade Ceramice de Ladrihos (Portugal)
		Natural stone(Toledo)
		High-quality plaster, putty, primer + relief matte elastic paint (Terraco)
	Entrance doors	Metal + additional insulation, Hoermann (Germany)
	Internal doors	Natural paneled wooden doors made of oak with fusing elements, from de Vesta
	Garage Doors	Automatic with electric drive and remote control
		Natural wooden windows made of oak (three-chamber double-glazed window) from Zement (Germany)
		Ceramic tiles (Braas) (Germany)

1.7 Fire prevention measures

Fire safety measures in the house are provided by three exits:

1. from the main facade

2. from the main facade of the western side

3. from the backyard

All wooden structures are treated with fire retardants. This project ensures unhindered access for a fire truck to the cottage. The width of doorways, flights of stairs and corridors, adopted in accordance with SNiP 21-01-97 “Fire safety of buildings and structures”. Guided by the Order of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief, all cottage doors open outward. Also, the width of doorways complies with fire safety regulations.

There is a hydrant for a fire truck in the basement. The main structures of the building are made of fireproof and fire-resistant materials.

The cottage is equipped with a fire alarm and fire extinguishers.

2. Technical and economic indicators

Conclusion

In general, the project is the result of a thoughtful and balanced approach to solving the external appearance within the framework of a given style. When designing the cottage, only the best and environmentally friendly construction and finishing materials and only the highest quality and reliable components were used. This project is a preliminary design and can be envisaged for implementation, taking into account its further development.

List of sources used

1. SNiP 21-01-97 “Fire safety of buildings and structures.”

2. SNiP 2.01.02-85 “Fire safety standards”.

3. SNiP 2.08.01-89 “Residential buildings” State Construction Committee of the USSR Moscow 1989.

4. SNiP 2.01-94 “Electricity supply in buildings.”

5. “Course and diploma design” M.I. Tosunova. Moscow: Higher School. 1983.

6. “Architectural design”. M.I. Tosunova. Moscow: Higher School 2008.

7. “Structures of civil buildings.” M.S. Topoleva. Moscow: Stroyizdat 1973.

8. “Planning of cities and populated areas.” M.I. Tosunova. Moscow: Higher School 1975.

9. “Architectural structures.” F.A Blagoveshchensky. Moscow: Higher School. 2008.

10. “Design of buildings and structures.” V.M. Carro, A.G. Margolin. Stroyizdat 2013.

11. “Engineering equipment of buildings.” V.S. Kedrova. Moscow: Higher School 2007.

12. “Beautiful houses” 4 (97) Moscow 2014.

13. “Elite House” 8(67) Moscow 2009.

14. “The idea of your home. New house" 03(15) Moscow 2009.

15. “Interior decoration of your home” Jozsef Koso 2009

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Features of the design process of low-rise buildings

The design of multi-storey buildings and structures is a process in which it is necessary to take into account a number of serious limitations associated with the design features of the object and the elements of its vertical communications. We are talking, first of all, about the structural frame of the house and its elevator system; in these matters there are strict requirements that maximally narrow the range of possibilities for the designer in making any non-standard or unconventional decisions. In low-rise design, the situation looks somewhat different, the limitations of the structural design and the elevator are removed from the agenda, and it is much easier for the designer to work in terms of creativity and imagination.

This, of course, does not mean that there are no requirements or regulatory requirements in this case; it’s just that the construction requirements when designing a house of four floors will be much simpler and freer than for a house, for example, consisting of nine. When performing the project, the architect has the right to choose the most successful, in his opinion, constructive solutions from a variety of options, ranging from a conventional wooden frame to load-bearing brick walls. Concrete or wooden beams can also be used, including a variety of mixed options made of concrete and metal.

Differences between the design of low-rise buildings and multi-storey buildings

When choosing a particular design for a low-rise building, you should take into account local conditions, available materials, and also take into account the overall dimensions of the entire building. In the last question, there is a simple pattern: as the size and volume of the house increases, the design becomes simplified and the choice of a standard solution becomes more likely, which is dictated, first of all, by considerations of optimal financial costs.

If the size of the house is small, then it is rational to make a choice in favor of an excellently proven solution in the form of a wooden frame. You can find other options, the main thing is that the designer in this situation has an order of magnitude more opportunities than his colleagues involved, for example, in the design of multi-story buildings.

More opportunities also open up for the designer in matters of choosing one or another material for the manufacture of the external walls of a house. Here, firstly, fewer fire regulations apply, and, secondly, it is permissible to use a variety of options for wall cladding.

Regarding the principles of apartment planning, there are special differences design of low-rise buildings from multi-storey buildings does not have. Here, the functional qualities of the premises, the expediency and rationality of using each square meter of space, the location of communication networks, and so on are also of particular importance. There is, however, one significant difference regarding the issue of the maximum norm for communications located outside the apartments. The usual 15% for high-rise buildings is not needed in this case, so this figure is reduced for various types of low-rise buildings.

What aspects should you pay attention to when creating an architectural project for low-rise buildings?

When creating projects for low-rise buildings, it is necessary to take into account a number of important nuances. In addition to the natural requirement to take into account the specifics of the building itself and its functional purpose, it is necessary to take into account the features of the landscape and the climatic conditions in which the object will be operated. It is these factors that directly influence the choice of building materials, the type of foundation of the building, as well as its communication equipment. If, for example, we are talking about northern regions where we have to deal with predominantly low temperatures, then brick, wood or various mixtures of concrete are best suited for building houses. As part of the architectural design of such houses, one should take into account the high load that their walls will place on the foundation, and consider high-quality thermal insulation, among other things.

For warmer climates, it is more rational when designing residential buildings to focus on lightweight structures that are better suited to the existing temperature conditions. In addition, this is justified from the point of view of financial savings, as well as the speed of construction of the house.

It is imperative to take into account the strength and direction of the wind when creating designs for such houses and additionally strengthen the walls on the windward side of the structure.

With the help of this calculator presented below, you can perform calculation operations that provide information on the approximate cost of projects not only for low-rise buildings, but also for any other real estate.

		Total

1. Goals and objectives

Low-rise apartment construction is an extremely popular market segment. It is usually located in picturesque areas of the city, suburbs and regions. Combined with low building density, this type of housing construction creates the most comfortable living conditions. This makes it possible to build both budget and prestigious residential buildings with equal success.
Existing legislation makes it possible to significantly reduce design time and, accordingly, the cost and construction time.
The lack of expertise places greater responsibility on the designer for the quality of the produced design documentation.

4. Design stages.

Design work is carried out in 3 stages: Stage “PP”, stage “P” and stage “R”.

Stage - “PP” - Pre-project proposal. May also be called “Sketch Design”

This stage involves creating a concept for the future building. This section is required to obtain preliminary approvals, including public hearings.
But in most cases, for low-rise apartment buildings, this design stage can be combined with the next stage “P”

Stage “P” - Project documentation

Design documentation of objects for which an examination is not carried out is carried out to the extent necessary to obtain a construction permit.

It is carried out in accordance with Government Decree 87 of February 16, 2008 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content.”
The composition of sections of project documentation is determined by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, Article 51. Construction permit

The composition of the design documentation required to obtain a construction permit includes:
-Explanatory note;
-Architectural solutions;
- a diagram of the planning organization of the land plot, made in accordance with the urban planning plan of the land plot, indicating the location of the capital construction object, entrances and passages to it, the boundaries of the zones of public easements, archaeological heritage sites;
- A diagram of the planning organization of the land plot, confirming the location of the linear object within the red lines approved as part of the territory planning documentation in relation to linear objects;
- information about engineering equipment, a consolidated plan of engineering support networks with designation of connection points (technological connection) of the designed capital construction facility to engineering support networks
-project for organizing the construction of a capital construction project
-project for organizing work on the demolition or dismantling of capital construction projects and their parts;

Additionally, depending on the construction/reconstruction project, other documents may be required.

The section “Architectural solutions” of stage “P” includes:

Project composition:
1)Text part;
2) Basement plan;
3)Plan of the 1st and typical floors;
5)Roof plan;
6)Cuts;
7) Facades;
8)3d visualization;

Stage “P” - Working documentation

Documentation necessary for construction.

The working documentation transferred to the customer includes:
-working drawings intended for construction and installation work, which are combined into sets by brand.
- attached documents developed in addition to the working drawings of the main set.

Composition of sets of working documentation:

-GP -Master plan
-AR-Architectural solutions;
-KZh-Reinforced concrete structures;
-KM-Metal structures;
-KD-Wooden structures;
-OV- Heating, ventilation and air conditioning;
-VK- Water supply and sewerage;
-EO- Electric lighting (internal)

It must be answered that the full set of required working documentation may differ depending on the task being solved.

Design time– the basic period for developing design and working documentation is 2 months. The design period for architectural solutions at the pre-project proposal (draft design) stage is 2-4 weeks.

In design, there are many factors beyond the designer's control that affect design time.

5. Examination of low-rise apartment building projects

In accordance with the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation No. 190-FZ, examination is not carried out in relation to objects:

1-Residential buildings of a blocked building (townhouse), with the number of floors no more than 3, while the number of blocks should not exceed 10, each block is intended for one family.
2-Apartment buildings - the number of floors, which should also not exceed 3, and the number of sections - 4, while each section should contain several apartments facing one landing.

Modern low-rise buildings are diverse in architecture and functional content, typologically different types of housing - from an individual cottage to three-four storey houses of a combined structure with apartments on several levels and a complex communications system. Low-rise residential buildings of all types have a common quality - the most humane form of housing organization.

The variety of forms and varieties makes it possible for low-rise buildings to organically fit into the residential environment of cities, to coexist with multi-storey areas of new buildings, and to replenish lost fragments in historical areas.

Urban low-rise construction is represented by two main types of development - estate and low-density. The first type is individual or semi-detached residential buildings with private land plots of various sizes, the second is multi-apartment buildings of 2-4 storeys, a combined structure with areas for common use and, sometimes, private front gardens for ground floor apartments.

Due to changing economic conditions and the introduction of a number of legislative provisions in the last decade, estate construction has received significant development in Russia. It is sold mainly on a private basis in the form of both a “seasonal second home” and a main home located in the nearest suburb.

Urban dense low-rise buildings have not yet received proper development in our country. The exception is experimental construction in certain areas of Moscow (Southern Butovo, Zhulebino, Kurkino, Maryino, etc.) (Fig. 12.1).

Individual residential houses of the estate type

Low-rise residential buildings of the estate type are most common in the development of small and medium-sized cities (up to 65% of the total volume of housing construction). In large cities, low-rise residential buildings are included in the development of new areas of nearby suburbs, as well as in protected zones.

Manor houses in domestic architectural and construction practice are represented by two main types: 1-2 apartment buildings and blocked ones. Blocked development is economically more preferable in the city, because allows you to significantly reduce the costs of maintaining and constructing urban infrastructure, utilities and communications. The use of blocked residential buildings with four to ten apartments can reduce the construction cost of an apartment by 20-25%, heating costs by 35-40%, laying utility networks and street improvements by 40-45% (data from TsNIIEP housing) compared to individual ones.

The architectural and compositional possibilities of blocked development are realized by organizing a dense street front with a variety of blocking solutions (linear and with ledges), changing the number of storeys of blocks, as well as retreating from the red line by installing front gardens and atriums (see Fig. 12.1).

Blocked development is the main type of low-rise construction in European cities. In the domestic practice of individual construction, until now, preference has been given to single-apartment residential buildings. Changing land policy, introducing payment for land, land tax and state regulation of land allocation will inevitably lead to a change in the ratio of single-family and semi-detached residential buildings in favor of the latter.

Single-family houses

The space-planning structure of single-family houses is very diverse. Design practice is limited by the financial capabilities of developers, as well as regulations that determine the lower limits of premises in residential buildings.

Urban individual single-apartment houses are designed in compliance with the principles of functional zoning of premises, the composition of which is the same as in apartments in multi-storey buildings. Unlike apartments in multi-storey buildings, zoning of premises occurs vertically. As a rule, some of the premises, including the entrance group and the common area, are located on the lower level, and the bedroom area on the upper level. Sanitary facilities, utility rooms and additional rooms (living rooms for guests, office, children's room) are located, depending on the planning solution, both in the lower and upper levels (Fig. 12.2).

A single-apartment house can be one-story, attic, two-story, with apartment premises at different levels (Fig. 12.3).

As a rule, one-story houses are manor-type houses with a large plot of land, outbuildings and outbuildings.

Urban single-apartment houses are designed with at least two floors - attic and cottage (Fig. 12.2-12.5).

In attic-type houses, for the fullest use of the upper level space, it is allowed to install ceilings with slopes with a wall height at the beginning of the slope from 0.5 to 1.2 m (depending on the slope of the slope). The area of the attic floor is smaller than the area of the first floor. The widespread introduction of special roof windows in recent years has led to a significant variety of volumetric and spatial solutions for low-rise residential buildings. This was reflected both in the external appearance, for example, in the shape of the roof - from inclined to curved, and in the change in the nature of the internal space - the interiors. In cottage-type houses, the floor areas usually coincide. Some differences in plan arise due to the placement of balconies, loggias, winter gardens, attached garages, swimming pools, etc.

Today, there are three groups of individual houses in the real estate market. The first includes 4-6 room houses. The spatial design of these houses is standard - living rooms are arranged around an entrance hall, the kitchen and bathroom are in a functional connection with the common room, the attic or second floors are occupied by bedrooms. This group includes both single-apartment residential buildings and urban residential buildings of a blocked type, the so-called “town-houses” (see Fig. 12.1, 12.11, 12,12).

The second group consists of houses with a more comprehensive set of premises. Along with the kitchen-dining room, they provide a separate dining room, guest rooms, and an office. A higher level of comfort in them is determined by a developed system of utility rooms. In the basement and ground floors there are not only storerooms and warehouses, but also a laundry room, ironing room, workshops, gyms, saunas, etc. (Fig. 12.6).

This group also includes houses with additional functions that are certainly promising from the point of view of socio-economic efficiency. Namely, they provide premises in the structure of the house that are focused on organizing professional and individual work activities.

The composition of the premises may vary depending on the type of activity - consumer services (atelier, repair of household appliances), workshops of artistic crafts and crafts (pottery, carpentry, weaving, etc.), as well as retail premises.

Residential buildings with additional functions or “bifunctional housing” have become widespread in resort areas of the country. In addition to the main function, the structure of these houses provides premises for accommodating vacationers (Fig. 12.4).

The planning solution of a residential building depends on the overall compositional solution and the composition of the zones of premises for permanent residents and vacationers and the connection of these zones. A feature of the planning solutions of such houses is the presence of a recreational zone - an increase in the volume of recreational premises (terraces, verandas, loggias, installation of an additional bathroom, separate entrance, etc.).

Depending on the form of residence of permanent residents and vacationers (joint, jointly isolated and separate), the accommodation area for vacationers can be located directly in the structure of the house (on the same or different floors) with premises for permanent residents or in a separate volume, representing a private boarding house or small hotel.

Single-apartment residential buildings of the third group - mansions, have a significant area (more than 250 m2). The composition of the premises in them is very diverse. In addition to an expanded set of utility rooms, the composition of living rooms is being developed (library, children's playroom in children's bedrooms, fireplace located on one or several floors, billiard room, sports rooms, swimming pool, etc.) (Fig. 12.7- 12.9).

In the houses of the second and third groups, the size of the common rooms is increased (up to 30 m2 or more). They are often designed as double-height, as well as the adjoining hall of guest bedrooms with autonomous accommodation for guests. The structure of these houses usually includes one or more “green rooms” - winter gardens, greenhouses, rooms housing exotic plants and animals, garages.

The architectural, planning and volumetric-spatial design of residential buildings depends on the climatic conditions of the construction area. Thus, houses intended for construction in cold and temperate climates have a compact shape. All premises of a residential building are located in one volume or are connected by covered passages. Houses for the southern regions are designed to be more open to the environment.

In warm climates, “green rooms” or courtyards become the center of the home’s composition, best providing functional zoning of the interior space and the microclimate of the home.

High comfort of living is ensured through the use of the latest engineering equipment, as well as technical devices - electric stoves with self-cleaning, microwave oven, dishwasher, sink with household waste disposal, fire and security alarms.

Semi-detached residential buildings

Two-apartment residential buildings are designed as one-story, attic and cottage type. Houses consisting of two separate apartments with a blank inter-apartment wall for blocking, along which bathrooms and kitchens are located, provide a level of comfort close to that of a single-apartment house with significant savings on utilities and a reduction in the perimeter of external fences. The space-planning solution for apartments in two-apartment buildings is similar to the solutions for one-apartment buildings, with the exception of the entrances to the buildings, which should be isolated from each other as much as possible.

Blocked houses

Blocked houses are designed as two-story or attic with 3 or more room apartments.

Blocked houses, while maintaining the advantages of a single-apartment house - a separate entrance to the apartment from the street and a direct connection with the apartment area - provide a more efficient use of urban territory compared to detached houses.

Blocked houses can consist of various types of blocks - single-apartment or several apartments arranged vertically into one volume. Blocks can have different configurations: rectangular, square, L-shaped, or be of complex shape for the option of blocking apartments in a building.

Blocking can be carried out linearly-sequentially, pairwise-mirror, with a shift, crosswise, etc. (Fig. 12.14).

Entrance to the apartments on the upper floors is carried out both by an open external staircase and by a staircase located within the building volume (depending on the climatic characteristics of the construction area) (Fig. 12.15).

Sometimes blocking is carried out using single-story inserts, in which the entrance vestibule, hallway or garage is placed (Fig. 12.15).

Blocked houses are characterized by the development of a plan in depth. This ensures building efficiency and significantly reduces heat loss by reducing the surface area of the external walls (Fig. 12.13).

The variety of architectural composition of blocked residential buildings is achieved thanks to curvilinear blocking and inclined external fences with dormer windows placed in their plane.

In all low-rise buildings with apartments on 2-3 levels, internal staircases are installed. Their dimensions and design differ significantly from staircases in multi-storey residential buildings. Stairs can be placed openly - in the space of a common room or hallway. It can also be an active element of the space-planning composition of the house, partially or completely protruding beyond the dimensions of the plan. In stairs it is allowed to use winder steps and a significantly steeper slope (1.0:1.1 in flights of stairs without winder steps and 1.0:1.25 in flights with winder steps). The width of the march is taken to be no less than 0.9 m.

Stairs are made entirely of wood, or along metal stringers with wooden or stone steps. Recently, reinforced glass has been actively used as a material for steps and fences. The type of staircase (one, two flights or another) is chosen in accordance with the planning structure of the house.

High density houses

The massive residential development that has developed over the past decades in most cities suffers from monotony, not so much because of the similarity in the appearance of the buildings, but also because of the same number of storeys.

When developing cities, the scale and nature of the historically developed architectural environment are often not taken into account. The use of only multi-storey residential buildings - 5-9 storeys in small and medium-sized cities, 17-25 storeys in the largest ones, in addition to aesthetic ones, also has a number of functional disadvantages. An increase in the height of buildings leads to an increase in inhalation gaps, the loss of the concept of courtyard space, and as a result, a decrease in the level of improvement.

An alternative to multi-storey development has become low-rise, low-density development, which has been developed and implemented by foreign and Russian designers since the 70s. In European countries, many of these design solutions have been implemented. In recent years, we have been implementing residential complexes both in the suburbs and in Moscow (Yuzhnoe Butovo, Rozhdestveno, Kuntsevo, Pokrovsko-Glebovo, Kurkino) (Fig. 12.13-12.15). Projects have been developed for the center of Moscow - a complex of townhouses "Chambers of the Muravyovs", designed by the Ostozhenka bureau.

Urban low-rise development has a number of advantages. It allows you to create a housing stock that is diverse in architecture and planning solutions, cozy courtyards that are human-sized, and a comfortable, humane urban environment.

The main economic requirement for planning decisions for urban low-rise buildings is the intensity of use of the urban area. This intensity is characterized by the building density indicator (m 3 of total area/ha) and, according to urban planning standards for the design of a 5-story building, is 5300 for the central, 5200 for the northern and 5600 for the southern regions of the country. The best density indicators are achieved with a variable number of floors (2-4; 2-5; 2-6 floors) and two-level apartments on the upper floors.

Low-rise, high-density development can become widespread in small and medium-sized cities, the architectural and urban planning scale of which it corresponds to the greatest extent.

In towns and cities, high-density development complements high-rise development, especially in historic urban redevelopment areas.

Low-rise, high-density buildings are used in hot climates, since this ensures better temperature and humidity conditions in the premises during the hot season.

It is advisable to use high-density buildings in areas with complex terrain, weak soils and in conditions of high seismicity.

For low-rise, high-density buildings, all main types of apartment buildings are applicable - blocked, sectional, corridor and combined structures.

1	Draft design (from RUR 20,000)	sq.m.	150
2	Architectural project (AP) (from RUB 30,000)	sq.m.	250
3	Structural design (KR) (from RUB 40,000)	sq.m.	350
4	Architectural and construction project (AC) (from RUB 70,000)	sq.m.	500

Design of a low-rise residential building. Low-rise residential buildings of urban and estate construction