Traditional and modern methods of performing sanitary work are considered, taking into account regulatory requirements. General information about the structural elements of the building, procurement and installation work is provided. The features of repair work are outlined. The manual fully complies with the curriculum for the single qualification “Installer of sanitary systems and equipment.”

A series: ProfTech

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The given introductory fragment of the book Sanitary work (G.V. Kolb, 2008) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Fundamentals of organization and technology of procurement and installation work

2.1. Procurement enterprises

There are the following types of procurement enterprises (production bases) of installation organizations: a sanitary products plant, a central procurement workshop (CPM) and a local procurement workshop (UZM).

The sanitary products plant (assembly plant) is the main procurement base that supplies products to installation organizations operating in one or more economic regions. The production bases also include material warehouses for storing materials, products and tools for procurement and installation work.

The main workshop (section) of any procurement enterprise is the pipe procurement workshop, where pipe blanks from steel pipes with a diameter of up to 50 mm and above are separately produced. In certain areas of the procurement enterprise, assemblies are made from cast iron and polymer sewer pipes, various metal structures and containers, equipment piping, priming and painting of products, etc.

Assembly plants produce:

♦ enlarged units from pipe blanks of steel and cast iron pipes for heating systems, water supply, gas supply, sewerage, drains and piping of boiler houses, central heating points, pumping stations, boiler rooms, etc.;

♦ air ducts and fittings for them made of sheet steel for ventilation and air conditioning systems;

♦ containers and metal structures made of sheet and grade steel;

♦ non-standard flanges for steel pipes and air ducts, means of fastening pipelines made of steel, cast iron and plastic pipes, as well as ventilation air ducts;

♦ complete heating devices.

In addition, assembly plants assemble units consisting of pumps and fans with electric motors, repair installation tools and manufacture devices for installation work.

A modern sanitary-technical procurement enterprise usually includes the following workshops and departments:

♦ pipe procurement shop for assembly units made of steel pipes with a diameter of up to 50 mm with lines of standardized and non-standardized pipe assemblies; pipe procurement shop for welded assembly units made of steel pipes with a diameter of more than 50 m; pipe procurement shop for assembly units made of cast iron sewer and polymer pipes; workshops for the preparation of air ducts, fittings and other products for ventilation systems;

♦ boiler-welding shop with a line of welded pipe assemblies with a diameter of more than 50 mm and a line for the production of containers and metal structures;

♦ pipe procurement shop or department of assembly units made of cast iron sewer pipes;

♦ workshop or department for regrouping and tying radiators; cast iron boiler assembly department; Department of priming of finished products.

The plant of assembly parts may have other auxiliary departments (forging and press department, mechanical department, repair shop, compressor and acetylene station) and, of course, utility rooms.

2.2. Technology for making assembly blanks

Production technology at procurement enterprises is based on operational, flow-operational, aggregate and conveyor methods.

At operational method products or their individual parts (assemblies, parts) are processed on machines, mechanisms and other equipment separately by operation (cutting and bending pipes, threading, welding, etc.). A worker, as a rule, performs not one, but several operations, moving the workpiece from one machine or mechanism to another.

At thread-operational method Part processing operations are performed in a certain sequence.

A worker performs one or two or three consecutive operations without changing his workplace, and then the product or part (in a cart, container) is transferred to himself or to auxiliary workers to perform the next operation.

Aggregate method It is advisable to use it in the manufacture of standard assembly units and parts of sanitary systems from steel pipes, mainly for housing construction, where these units and parts are repeated many times. A unit (or a short production line) is equipped and configured for only one type of product - a floor riser, a lower descent of a heating riser, etc. Such a unit is serviced by one or two workers; some of the operations performed on the unit can be automated.

At conveyor method the product being processed moves on a conveyor from one operation to another; jobs are permanent and strictly fixed. The movement of the conveyor can be continuous at a given speed (up to 0.3 m/min) or pulsating, when the movement alternates with pauses, during which workers perform operations on processing the product or its parts on machines and mechanisms installed near the conveyor. When the conveyor moves continuously, it is stopped every 2 hours for workers to rest.

When manufacturing pipe blanks from pipes with a diameter of up to 50 mm, the following sequence of production operations is adopted: marking pipes according to installation drawings or sketches from nature; pipe cutting; countersinking; cutting or rolling short and long threads; pipe bending; completing blank pipe parts with connecting parts and fittings; assembly of pipe assemblies using threads or welding; density testing and packaging in transportable bags or containers.

To perform these operations, the pipe procurement shop is equipped with the necessary machines, devices and equipment: cutting, threading and bending machines, marking and assembly workbenches, racks for pipes, stands for testing prepared components, welding machines, mechanized horizontal and vertical transport, conveyors for moving pipe blanks .

The pipe preparation operation begins with marking. There are two ways to mark pipes. In the first method, the worker marks parts of different diameters for each sketch separately. With the second method, the mechanic simultaneously marks parts of the same pipe diameter using several sketches, then the next diameter, etc. This reduces the amount of waste and speeds up the work, as it frees the worker from the need to take pipes of different diameters from the rack for each individual sketch. The further technological process of pipeline preparation depends on the chosen marking method.

Preparation of pipelines for sanitary systems is carried out using the flow-operational method using conveyors. The workpiece is transferred by conveyor from operation to operation, starting with cutting pipes and ending with assembly into a unit.

The manufacturing process of units is carried out as follows. Pipes from the warehouse are delivered to the workshop and placed on a rack-hopper for daily supply. Pipes from the hopper, in accordance with the measuring sketch, are delivered to the marking table of the pipe cutting machine, where the worker marks the place where the pipe is cut. After this, the mechanic turns on the pipe cutting machine and cuts the pipes into the entire set of blanks according to this sketch. He puts a symbol on the end of the pipes - the required type of processing - and throws them into the chute of the pipe cutting machine. Then the set of pipes, along with the sketch, is dropped into a conveyor cell, which moves all the time and delivers the parts to the pipe cutting machines. After cutting, the pipes are conveyed by conveyor to pipe bending machines. On one of them, pipes with a diameter of up to 25 mm are bent, and on the other – with a diameter of up to 50 mm. Next, the blanks are assembled into assembly units according to the sketches, and fittings and fittings are screwed onto the pipes.

The assembled pipeline units are delivered by conveyor to the place where they are pressurized with compressed air for tightness in a bath of water. After crimping, the assemblies are sent to the workbench for assembly, during which they check compliance with the sketch of the assembly parts, add the necessary standard parts (for example, bends) and complete the riser. The checked and assembled parts are tied with wire into a bag, a metal tag with a code for the riser is attached to it, and then an electric hoist is sent along a monorail to the finished product warehouse.

When producing welded assemblies, pipeline parts are removed from the conveyor and placed on a sectional rack, from where they are fed to a drilling machine, where holes are drilled for welding the couplings. From the drilling machine, the parts are fed into the welder’s cabin for welding of couplings. After welding, the parts are transferred for screwing on reinforcement, and then to conveyors for crimping.

Radiators are delivered to the picking department in containers on a trolley for regrouping them on the VMS-111M mechanism, then they are compressed and placed in a finished product container.

Pipes and fittings are delivered to workshops for processing cast iron sewer pipes and placed in racks. From here the pipes go to marking workbenches for marking according to the sketch, and then to machines for cutting and re-cutting. After this, the prepared pipe parts and fittings are assembled into units on assembly benches according to the sketches and the sockets are sealed.

After the necessary conditioning, the units are placed on racks, from where they are sent to the finished product warehouse. The same technological process for preparing a pipeline is used in the absence of a conveyor, but in this case the parts are transferred from operation to operation using special trolleys moved manually, or by means of hanging baskets moved by an electric hoist along a monorail.

To determine leaks in connections, assembled parts and components or pipeline lines are tested with air in a bath filled with water. For this purpose, the ends of the workpiece are closed with plugs, one of which is blind (Fig. 2.1, A ), and the second is through (Fig. 2.1, b) with a hole for air supply from the compressor. The plugged part is lowered into a bath of water, after which the tap on the air hose connected to the compressor is opened. The air bubbles that appear indicate places where parts are not tightly connected. Closing the ends of parts with threaded plugs is time consuming. More convenient are quick-change eccentric plugs. They are loosely placed on the end of the pipe and closed by simply pressing the eccentric handle.

Rice. 2.1. Eccentric plugs: A - deaf; end-to-end; 1 – frame; 2 – rubber ring; 3 – thrust piston; 4 – lid; 5 – axis; 6 – eccentric handle; 7 – emphasis; 8 – lock-nut; 9 – union

Parts and components of sanitary systems must be tested at the place of their manufacture:

♦ parts and components of pipelines for heating systems - with hydraulic pressure of 0.8 MPa or pneumatic pressure of 0.15 MPa;

♦ parts and components of pipelines for cold and hot water supply systems - with hydraulic pressure of 1 MPa or pneumatic pressure of 0.15 MPa, flush and overflow pipes - with hydraulic pressure of 0.2 MPa or pneumatic pressure of 0.15 MPa;

♦ parts and assemblies of steel pipelines intended for embedding in heating panels - with a hydraulic pressure of 1 MPa.

The duration of hydraulic or pneumatic testing of pipeline parts and assemblies is 1–2 minutes. Pipeline leaks discovered during testing must be eliminated. In the pipe procuring shop for cast iron pipelines, assembly units for sewerage and storm sewer systems are assembled.

The technological process in the workshop is organized according to the flow-operational method in the following sequence: pipes and fittings are marked on a workbench: pipes and fittings are cut using a special mechanism; assemble units on a carousel stand; seal socket joints, except for installation ones. Mounting units are equipped with fastening means and valves, if they are provided for in the project. In the same workshop (separate room) plastic pipelines for sewerage and drainage systems are prepared.

When starting work at an assembly plant for the first time, a young worker must receive detailed instructions from the foreman about the rules and techniques for performing it safely. You can only work on working machines and mechanisms. All rotating parts of the machine and mechanism - gears, pulleys, belt drives - must have a firmly reinforced guard. Do not put on or move the drive belts while moving or touch the rotating parts, as this can cause injury. The working tool and workpieces must be secured as firmly as possible to the machine before it is started. Changing the working tool, installing and strengthening the workpieces, cleaning and lubricating the machine, removing chips and sawdust can only be done after stopping the machine. You cannot pass or receive a tool or workpiece through the machine while it is running. Machines and electrical equipment must have protective grounding. Switches for starting electric motors of machines and mechanisms should not have exposed wires; they should be protected by casings and grounded. When you stop working, the machine should be stopped, the switch should be turned off, and the working tool should be taken away from the workpiece.

2.3. Organization of work production

The production of internal sanitary works must be organized according to the principle of clear separation of the operations of manufacturing parts and assemblies of heating, water supply and sewerage systems from their assembly at the installation site. All parts and components of the systems are prepared in advance in central procurement workshops (CPM) and assembly plants.

Depending on the volume of work and the nature of the buildings being erected, one of two installation methods can be used: sequential or parallel.

At sequential method installation begins after the completion of the main construction work throughout the building. In the construction of small buildings, sequential installation can be completed in a fairly short time.

At parallel method installation is carried out in separate stages or cycles simultaneously with the main construction work. Parallel installation allows the commissioning of sanitary systems with the simultaneous completion of the main construction work and is recommended in all cases.

Preparation for the production of installation and assembly work is carried out by the production preparation groups of the installation departments with the participation of line engineering and technical personnel who will supervise the work. The scope of preparatory work includes the development of a work execution project (PPR), the development of an installation project or the drawing up of sketches based on measurements from nature, on the basis of which assembly units, parts and non-standardized equipment should be manufactured at procurement enterprises.

IN work projects provides:

♦ priority implementation of preparatory work;

♦ concentration of labor, material and technical resources at launch sites to reduce construction time;

♦ ensuring continuity and flow of construction and installation work with uniform use of production capacity resources;

♦ comprehensive mechanization of work, especially mass and labor-intensive processes, with the widespread use of small-scale mechanization tools (hand-held machines, devices, etc.);

♦ use during installation of workpieces assembled in advance into enlarged units and blocks, as well as semi-finished products supplied by industry;

♦ reducing the volume of temporary structures and devices through the use of permanent ones and the use of standard inventory mobile and prefabricated installations;

♦ compliance with industrial sanitation, safety and fire safety rules.

The work project is a working document.

Internal sanitary works project must contain:

♦ work schedule linked to the construction schedule;

♦ statement of volumes of work for construction projects, determined according to working and standard drawings;

♦ list of workers' needs by profession;

♦ worker movement schedule;

♦ specifications for basic and auxiliary materials and equipment with their delivery dates (taking into account data from the calendar);

♦ wage fund and labor costs for facilities;

♦ schedule of preparatory and auxiliary work;

♦ volume of traffic and need for vehicles;

♦ list of installation devices and tools; technological maps for new types of work and complex work;

♦ explanatory note, including: brief characteristics of the systems being installed; description and justification of accepted work methods; calculation of the necessary welding, lifting and rigging equipment and tools; calculation of vehicles; calculation of the need for workers by profession; safety and labor protection requirements when performing work.

The PPR also contains plans showing the mounted equipment, installation openings and lifting mechanisms, diagrams for breaking down systems into larger units, diagrams and rules for slinging heavy and bulky cargo, and cargo delivery schemes.

Work projects for simple objects(abbreviated) can only contain: a schedule of work production and the movement of workers by profession; orders to the Central Health Center; a summary statement (specification) of providing the facility with materials, workpieces and equipment, which simultaneously serves as a limit card; production costing; a short explanatory note. The abbreviated PPR, compiled by the production preparation groups, is approved by the chief engineer of the installation department.

Installation project of sanitary devices allows the preparation of components and parts of systems without measurements in kind, provided that the construction organization strictly complies with the established tolerances for the building's construction structures. During installation design, the following lengths of parts are used: construction, installation and blank (Fig. 2.2).

Under construction length/ page understand the size between the axes of the shaped parts or between the axis of the shaped part and the center of bending, i.e. the size that determines the dimensions of the part, taking into account the elements of its connection with other parts.

Mounting length/ m is the net length of the part without fittings or fittings screwed onto it. Thus, the installation length is less than the construction length by an amount equal to the size from the axis of the fitting or fitting to the end of the pipe of the part, i.e. by the amount of the so-called skid.

Rice. 2.2. Node ( A) and block (b): 1, 2, 3 – details

Blank length/ zag is the length of the straight pipe section required to manufacture the part. For straight, non-curved parts, this length will be equal to the installation length.

Installation projects are usually drawn up for standard buildings. For non-standard buildings, it is possible to manufacture and install systems according to specially developed drawings or sketches drawn up on the basis of measurements from nature.

Heating system installation project must contain:

♦ floor plans with linking of all heating devices and pipelines to building structures;

♦ general axonometric diagram of the entire system or all its parts;

♦ installation drawing of the input unit;

♦ installation drawings of heating system components with specifications of parts of these components;

♦ necessary drawings for installation of equipment, heating devices, fastenings of main pipelines and specifications of components.

Installation project for cold and hot water supply and gas supply systems carried out in a general form similar to installation projects for the heating system.

Installation project of the sewerage system the drawings of risers and pipeline mains must contain:

♦ sizes and types of fittings;

♦ blank lengths of straight sections of cast iron sewer pipelines;

♦ assembly units with their markings; installation data with dimensions relating pipelines, sanitary fixtures and other equipment to the zero mark and building structures;

♦ construction lengths of risers, branches and mains, including fittings in the total length.

Installation drawings are used for the manufacture of elements and parts of systems at procurement factories without additional modification.

In cases where the development of installation drawings for sanitary installations of non-standard public and industrial buildings is impractical, procurement and installation are carried out according to sketches drawn up by pre-production groups (PPT) of installation organizations based on field measurements.

2.4. Measurements of sanitary systems

Measurements at the installation site (grip) are carried out only after proper preparation. Before starting measurements, you must be prepared:

♦ walls, ceilings, flights of stairs and partitions along which the laying of pipelines, placement of heating devices or other sanitary equipment are planned;

♦ holes for pipelines in foundations, walls, partitions and ceilings;

♦ marks of clean floors painted on the walls of each room near the installation sites of heating devices;

♦ window boxes;

♦ plastered “beacons” or beacon strips in places where sanitary equipment, appliances are installed and in places where risers pass (when using wet plaster);

♦ niches, channels and furrows;

♦ foundations for sanitary equipment.

Pipeline locations through building structures are marked with oil paint (marking holes). The location of pipelines and their diameters are indicated nearby.

Installation locations for pipeline fasteners Mark on building structures with oil paint using a circle pattern. The diameter of the circle should be equal to the diameter of the tip of the construction gun. When marking the installation sites for pipeline fastening means, mark the pipeline axis or mark the installation of the bracket. Marking of holes for pipelines below the zero mark is carried out before the ceiling of the basement or technical underground is installed. Places where pipelines are laid in cases or sleeves must be marked with the letter “F” (case) or “G” (sleeve).

Marking holes for risers and connections to heating devices heating systems during the heating season are carried out after plastering the installation sites of heating devices and strips in places where risers pass, in the non-heating season - after all plastering work has been completed. On the wall of the upper floor, in the place where the heating riser passes, at a height of 100 mm from the floor, apply a rectangle with oil paint indicating the dimensions of the sides of the hole in centimeters (10x10) and a direction arrow (down the vertical axis of the rectangle), defining the axis of the riser. Depending on the removed length of the connections to the heating device, the axis of the riser is located at a distance of 150–200 mm from the window slope. In the case of passage of connections to heating devices through partitions, circles of marked holes are applied to them using oil paint according to a template. The diameter of the circle should be one size larger than the diameter of the eyeliner.

To perform marking work, the marker is given technical documentation:

♦ to mark holes below the zero mark:

– a plan of the basement indicating the pipelines, their diameters and connection points for the risers;

– axonometric diagrams of pipeline systems;

– drawings of fastening means;

♦ to mark holes above the zero mark:

– floor plans indicating the location of risers;

– axonometric diagrams of pipelines.

Completed work on marking holes and marks for clean floors are handed over to a representative of the construction organization according to the act. The signed act is transferred by the marker to the State Register Office. The correctness of the holes is checked using a cord and a plumb line lowered from the top floor to the basement floor. The holes are punched correctly if the cord on all floors coincides with the axes of the holes.

Marking the installation locations for mounting means for heating devices produced subject to availability:

♦ marks of clean floors placed on the walls;

♦ axes of risers marked on the walls;

♦ plastered niches or places where heating devices are installed;

♦ data on the number of sections in radiators or the type of heating device.

When marking holes for fastening devices, first measure the length of the liners from the axis line of the riser, then, using a template installed on the finished floor mark, mark drilling (targeting) points for the brackets taking into account the length of the liners. The drilling point is marked with a chalk pencil with two mutually perpendicular lines. At the same time, in the niche (place where the devices are installed) indicate the number of radiator sections or the brand of the heating device.

Marking the installation sites for fastening sanitary fixtures should be done after plastering the wall surfaces and installing vertical and horizontal pipe blocks for water supply and sewerage. Marking is done using a universal template. The holes are marked with oil paint.

Sketches based on field measurements are drawn up in four copies: one is stored in the GPP, one is transferred to the installation site, two are transferred to the procurement enterprise.

The organization of sanitary and technical works and installation of electrical supply in a residential building is carried out in conjunction with general construction and finishing works.

Before starting plumbing work on the building, the following must be completed: installation of at least two floors; glazing of windows and ensuring the temperature in the rooms is not lower than +5°C (for installation of power supply).

As well as work on punching furrows, holes and plastering niches for heating devices and electrical cabinets, etc., living quarters for workers, a foreman’s room, and storerooms must be equipped; temporary power supply is provided.

The readiness of the building for installation is documented in bilateral documents by the general contractor and the organizations performing special work. Plumbing work is carried out in parallel in two stages.

Stage I - before plastering work, with a delay of 1...2 floors from installation. The work of this period is planned in stages with steps equal to the rhythm of floor installation.

Stage II - the beginning of this stage for sanitary work and installation of electrical supplies does not coincide, since these works are associated with different readiness for painting work. However, the completion of all plumbing work must correspond to the completion deadlines. Work at this stage is carried out, as a rule, outside the flow - without division into tasks.

Stage I of sanitary and technical work includes installation of internal systems of cold and hot water supply, heating (with mounted appliances) and gas supply. After pressure testing of heating and water supply systems, which is documented in an act, builders seal holes in the walls and ceilings and concrete the diaphragms in communication channels. In houses with large sanitary cabins, the work of plumbers is reduced in volume, but the complex and period of implementation remain the same. In winter, additional work should be planned to install temporary bottling systems for heating the floors being finished.

The second stage of sanitary and technical work begins after the first cycle of painting work, when preparations for the final painting are completed in the bathrooms and kitchens, which opens the door for the installation of washbasins, toilets and gas stoves. Depending on the design of the house and the equipment used, the outlined plumbing work scheme may undergo certain changes.

So, in the absence of sanitary cabins, bathtubs are installed and connected, as a rule, at the first stage of work after the installation of tiled floors before facing the walls of the bathrooms. At the end of the stage, the devices are equipped with shut-off valves and their readiness for operation is confirmed by a certificate. All work is performed by one team, which does not exclude internal specialization (a unit for the assembly of cast iron sewer pipelines, a unit for welding brass or steel pipes, etc.).

Technological sequence of sanitary work

The technological sequence of sanitary work is established by the work project.

When linking sanitary and technical works together with general construction and other related works, the following rules must be taken into account:

• brackets, hangers and other means of fastening equipment, devices and pipelines are installed until the start of finishing work;
• sanitary and gas appliances are installed before painting the premises, but the water-folding piece of iron is installed after painting;
• hydraulic tests of sanitary pipelines are carried out before the start of finishing work;
• On projects being built in the autumn-winter period, it is necessary to ensure that the installation of heating systems is completed within a time frame that allows finishing work to be carried out in the cold season.

Before the start of installation and assembly work, the head of the installation site, together with a representative of the general contractor, based on the instructions of the PPR, establishes the boundaries of the next work - the occupation - according to the construction project.

Sanitary work is supposed to be carried out using an industrial method, observing the principle of a clear separation of operations for pipeline preparation and installation.

Installation and assembly work at the facilities is carried out according to the calendar plan (schedule) of work, where all types of work are listed in detail, the sequence of installation in conjunction with general construction work is indicated.

Installation work at sites - installation of boiler rooms, heating systems, sewerage, water supply, hot water supply, gas pipelines - is carried out by teams of installers.

Installation of sanitary and technical work at the site can be carried out using a sequential or parallel method.

Sequential method, i.e. after completion of the main construction work, it is usually used on sites with a small volume of sanitary and technical work.

Parallel method, i.e. installation simultaneously with the construction of walls is the most common. With this method, it is necessary that at least one interfloor ceiling in brick buildings and at least two floors in buildings made of large blocks and panels be installed above the installers of sanitary systems. With this method of work, the building is divided into two sections horizontally and into a number of sections (depending on the height of the building) vertically. With this breakdown, the installation of building structures is carried out on the right side of the building, and at the same time, work on the installation of sanitary systems is carried out on the left side of the building. Having completed construction work, workers move to the left side of the building, and plumbers move to the right side to perform installation work; So they alternate until the work is completed.

The parallel installation method can significantly reduce construction time and reduce installation costs compared to the sequential method.

The method of carrying out work on the installation of sanitary installations by specialized teams and units has become widespread. A specialized team or unit performs one type of work, for example, installation of sewerage systems, installation of gas pipelines, installation of heating systems. Installation of sanitary devices by specialized units significantly increases labor productivity and improves the quality of work.

To improve the quality of work performed, it is necessary to properly organize the workplace and production process, use rational labor techniques, devices and tools, correct arrangement of materials, tools and devices, which eliminates the need to make unnecessary movements. At the end of each work day, it is advisable to prepare for work the next day: receive an outfit, check the availability of materials for the upcoming work, tools, devices.

The foreman distributes responsibilities among team members in accordance with the qualifications of each worker, brings the task to the attention of each of them, and organizes the workplace.

Types of jobs.

Types of jobs

general construction special

preparatory,

Preparatory work

In preparation work

Auxiliary works ,

In installation and assembly work

Principles and methods of organization and technology of work

The principles and methods of performing sanitary work, which are an integral part of construction work, are closely linked to the technology of construction production. A modern construction site is similar to an assembly shop, where a building is assembled from ready-made building elements and assemblies, which are manufactured in specialized high-performance factories and delivered to the construction site, and sanitary systems are installed.

Installation and assembly work of sanitary systems for flow method at the construction site are carried out in three stages :
First step - laying sewer outlets, water supply inlets, gas supply, heat supply, installation of thermal units, heating boiler houses, their testing;
second phase - installation of heating devices, assembly of pipelines for water, gas and heat supply systems, sewerage systems, their testing;
the third stage is the installation and testing of sanitary and gas appliances.
First stage work are carried out in the basements of buildings under construction or special buildings for ancillary purposes (heating points, boiler rooms) and in open areas of the building. Therefore, construction schedules link only the final and most important intermediate deadlines for their implementation.
Work of the second and third stages are carried out on the floors of the building, and the procedure for their implementation is strictly linked to general construction work. For example, after completion of general construction work on the first section (the part of the building on which work is being carried out), builders move to the second, and plumbers lay pipelines and install equipment on the first section. When the builders leave for the next job, the plumbers come to the second job.
In-line method allows you to simultaneously carry out several types of work, which reduces the overall construction time. However, each type of work must be performed at a strictly specified time. In case of violation of the deadline for completing any type of work, all subsequent operations are delayed, for example, the delay in installing a heating system does not allow concreting the seams between the panels and carrying out finishing work in winter.
Sequential method organization of work, when sanitary and technical work is carried out after the completion of general construction work (except for finishing), is used mainly in the construction of low-rise buildings, small industrial buildings, as well as in the installation of sanitary and technical systems in existing buildings and during their reconstruction.

Methods for installing fittings on the internal water supply network

To ensure normal operation, shut-off valves are installed on the internal water supply:

On a ring distribution network - to disconnect individual sections, but no more than a half-ring;

On a ring fire water supply network - to turn off no more than five fire hydrants on one floor and no more than one riser in buildings over 50 m high;

On the ring network of industrial water supply - to ensure two-way water supply to the units;

At the base of fire risers with five or more fire hydrants;

At the base of risers for drinking water or industrial water supply in buildings of three floors or more;

On branches supplying five points or more;

On branches for each apartment;

On connections to flush tanks, flush taps, water heaters, group showers and washbasins;

In front of external watering taps, in front of special-purpose devices and units;

On all branches from main water supply lines.

Repair and adjustment of cold water supply systems

To maintain the system in working condition, routine repairs of the water supply system are carried out, the volumes and timing of which are given in Table 1. In addition to the work given in the table, during repairs, pipelines, thermal insulation are restored and the pressure regulator is adjusted. Major repairs include replacement of pipes, mixers, fittings for flush tanks, valves, gate valves, pumps and other system elements.

Inspection and lapping of fittings

The inspection of the valve consists of disassembling it and inspecting the locking working body and the oil seal. Depending on the design and purpose of the valve, the need to replace the sealing material on the locking body or grinding in individual parts is identified. If the stuffing of the stuffing box is insufficient, it is stuffed.

The passage of water through the shut-off valves when the working element is completely closed is achieved by placing sealing materials under the working element: leather, rubber, fiber and other materials, depending on the medium transported through the pipes.

Lapping of fittings. Complete shut-off of shut-off valves intended for steam and gas, as well as valves, can be achieved by mutual grinding of adjacent parts. The grinding of parts is carried out using grinding materials manually or using special devices.

Lapping powders and pastes are used as grinding materials, and the grains of the powders must pass through a mesh with a hole with a diameter of 0.15 mm. In some cases, glass dust is used for grinding.

Grinding is carried out until the entire surface of the plug fits snugly into the socket. The correct lapping is checked as follows. The surface of the plug and body is wiped dry. Then a line is drawn on the cork with chalk, after which the cork is inserted into the body and turned several times in one direction and the other. If the chalk line is evenly erased over the entire surface, then the cork is ground in correctly. The final grinding is checked by pressure testing with water or air.

18.Assembling fittings

Gate valves, valves, taps and other fittings have gaskets and stuffing box packing that prevent water and steam from leaking between the parts and along the spindle. As gaskets between the cover and the valve body, technical cardboard up to 1.5 mm thick, boiled in natural drying oil, and paronite, a sheet material made from asbestos, rubber and fillers, are used. Paronite is produced in the form of gray sheets with a thickness of 0.3 to 6 mm.

Gaskets made of leather, rubber or plastic are installed under the valve of valve-type fittings used on cold water pipelines, and for fittings on hot water pipelines (with temperatures up to 180 ° C) and on low-pressure steam pipelines - from a special ebonite mass or heat-resistant rubber. Valves for high pressure steam must have lapped metal valves.

Secure the gaskets to the valve with a nut.

The following materials are used for packing oil seals:

for fittings installed on pipelines for water with temperatures up to 100°C, cotton, linen or hemp cord impregnated with a special compound or thick mineral oil - grease;

for fittings installed on pipelines for steam and water with temperatures above 100°C, asbestos cord impregnated with graphite mixed with natural drying oil;

cold water valves have a hemp cord impregnated with oil.

A special stuffing box is also used. To pack the stuffing box, unscrew the union nut, take out the bushing, remove the old stuffing box and install a new one. Then press the stuffing box tightly with the sleeve, keeping an eye on it. so that the spindle rotates freely.

The valve seal is filled as follows. The stuffing box cover is removed and the stuffing box is placed in rings around the spindle. To form rings, the stuffing box is first cut into separate pieces so that their ends meet end-to-end and do not overlap one another. The rings of the stuffing box are laid one on top of the other with the joints offset by 90°. After laying the packing, the stuffing box cover is put in place and tightened with bolts, making sure that the spindle rotates freely.

The stuffing box for taps and valves is made in the form of a braid, wrapped several times around the spindle. After installing the stuffing box, screw on the union nut, sealing the stuffing box with a sleeve.

After grinding or installing gaskets and stuffing the seals, valves and other fittings are checked for tightness by crimping. The fittings are checked for density with a pressure of 1 kgf/cm2. The fittings are tested with air in baths filled with water.

The fittings are checked for the tightness of the body, the tightness of the stuffing box seal and the shut-off valve for the passage of water in the closed position.

Low pressure gas pipeline valves are tested for strength with water or air at a pressure of 1 kgf/cm2. The tightness of the gate valve, which is pre-coated with chalk, is tested with kerosene, and kerosene should not pass through for 10 minutes.

The bath for testing valves consists of a frame with guides along which the bath of water moves; a pneumatic cylinder for lifting the bath (it is attached to the bottom of the frame); two horizontal pneumatic cylinders covering the inlet and outlet openings of the valves, and air ducts with control valves.

To test the valve for leaks, place it on a prism and open the control valve for the horizontal cylinders. In this case, the cylinders tightly close the flanges of the valve. After this, open the air supply valve to the valve cavity and the cylinder valve to lift the bath. The bath rises and the valve is completely immersed in water. If the housing or gland seal is leaking, air enters the water in the form of bubbles, which indicates the location of the leak.

In order to test the tightness of the shut-off device, the shut-off element is closed and the pressure in the lower part of the body is raised to a specified value using a hydraulic press. If in this case water does not flow through tap 4, the shut-off device is impenetrable

19. Grouping radiators

Installation of heating systems consists of installing heating devices, boilers, expansion tanks and other equipment and assembling a pipeline system with the installation of shut-off, control and measuring valves.

Installation of a heating system begins with the installation of heating devices. However, you can begin installation by assembling the risers and begin installing heating devices after completing this assembly. This sequence has a certain advantage. It consists in the fact that in case of insufficient accuracy of the connections, they can be left without alteration, only by moving the radiators some distance from the axis of the window openings. Sectional radiators come from the manufacturer assembled in 7-8 sections. At the installation site, they are grouped in such a way as to obtain the number of sections provided for by the project.

To deploy and screw in the nipples of radiator sections when grouping them, radiator keys are used. The key has an eyelet for a handle on one side, and a flat-head screwdriver of the appropriate width on the other. The width should be such that the screwdriver with a small gap passes through the holes of the nipples and rests against their internal projections.

Rice. 1. Grouping sections and radiators: a - gripping of section threads with nipples for two or three threads; 6 - final tightening of nipples and joining of sections; c - connection of the third section; d - grouping of two radiators: 1 - section; 2 - nipple; 3 - gasket; 4 - short radiator key; 5 - crowbar; 6 - long radiator key

When grouping, you have to either disconnect some sections from the radiator or add them (Fig. 1). In the first case, the radiator is fixed on a workbench and two radiator keys are inserted into the open nipple holes, upper and lower, to the appropriate depth. This is done simultaneously by two workers - they use keys to deploy both nipples at the same time. If it is necessary to increase the number of sections in the radiator, place both parts of the device to be connected on a workbench, lubricate the upper and lower nipples with drying oil, put gaskets on them, screw in the nipples by hand by 1-2 threads. After this, the attached part of the radiator is brought to the nipples and, using two keys simultaneously, the nipples are screwed into the sections until they are tight.

Nipples and radiator sections have a right-hand thread on one side and a left-hand thread on the other (Fig. 1), so it is necessary to rotate the key to the left if the rolling is done from the section with a right-hand thread, and to the right if the rolling is done from the section with a left-hand thread .

When disassembling the radiator, do the opposite. The above-mentioned simultaneity of folding or unfolding of nipples at the top and bottom is necessary in order to prevent misalignment of the sections.

a common part

Ø Work production projects (WPP) are developed in order to determine the most effective methods that help reduce the cost and labor intensity of installation work, reduce their duration, improve the quality of installation and ensure occupational safety.

Ø PPR should be developed taking into account the use of progressive methods and means of work that ensure high quality, minimum duration, labor intensity and cost.

Basics of sanitary work.

Types of jobs.

Construction production consists of individual construction processes occurring in a certain sequence at the construction site and with the ultimate goal of erecting new buildings and structures. The construction of buildings and structures is associated with the implementation of various construction works in a certain technological sequence.

Types of jobs

During the construction of buildings and structures, all robots are conventionally divided into general construction (earth, pile, stone, concrete and reinforced concrete, carpentry and joinery, roofing, finishing) and special (sanitary, electrical, hydraulic, construction of industrial furnaces, etc.).

Plumbing related to the device
heating, ventilation, heat and gas supply systems, hot and cold water supply and sewerage systems of buildings. There are external and internal sanitary works.

External sanitary work includes laying pipelines to buildings for external networks of heat, gas and water supply, sewerage; internal-
installation work of sanitary, heating, ventilation and gas equipment inside buildings and structures.

Sanitary work is divided into preparatory, procurement, auxiliary and assembly . When installing sanitary systems, the main work is usually preceded by partial or complete dismantling of the old system.

Preparatory work - the initial stage of creating a sanitary system, when technical documentation is studied, installation projects are drawn up and
work production projects (PPR), carry out measurements, draw up orders for the production of pipeline assembly blanks in central procurement workshops
(TsZM) or at assembly workpiece factories (ZMZ), draw up requests for materials and equipment, etc.

In preparation work includes cutting, bending and joining of pipelines, assembly of enlarged pipeline units and blocks, assembly of pumps and other equipment, inspection and testing of fittings, pipeline units and equipment, production of non-standard parts, means of fastening devices and pipelines. To facilitate the work of workers, most procurement work is carried out at highly mechanized procurement enterprises (ZMZ, TsZM and local procurement workshops), where comprehensive mechanization and automation of procurement processes are used.

Auxiliary works , consisting of preparing equipment and a facility for pipeline installation, includes loading and unloading (delivery of installation workpieces, materials, equipment to the site, loading, unloading and delivering them to the installation site) and fastening (drilling holes for fastening pipelines and installing fastening means) work.

In installation and assembly work includes installation into the mounting position and connection of pipes, enlarged units and blocks, instruments and equipment, testing of systems.

work related to the construction and installation of heating, ventilation, heat and gas supply, hot water supply, water supply and sewage systems of buildings. There are external and internal S.-t. R.

To external S.-t. R. include work on laying external networks of heat, gas, water supply and sewerage and the construction of boiler houses, gas distribution stations and head structures for water supply and sewerage in populated areas (water intakes, pumping stations, water towers, settling tanks, etc.). The costs of this work in the USSR amount to about 15% of capital investments in modern industrial and civil construction. The laying of external networks can be underground or aboveground. An integral part of underground laying is excavation work carried out by a complex of earthmoving and road machines. Underground laying of pipelines includes: preparing links (braids) from several pipes on the surface of the earth, lowering them (using truck cranes or winches) onto the prepared trench base, straightening, connecting the links by welding, sealing installation joints (sockets), hydraulic or pneumatic testing of pipelines. The combined laying of several pipelines for various purposes in one underground collector (tunnel) is very effective (especially in urban environments). Aboveground laying is carried out on metal or reinforced concrete overpasses, mainly in the territories of industrial enterprises.

The basis for the industrialization of pipeline laying work is the preliminary preparation of links (including the application of anti-corrosion and heat-insulating coatings to pipes) at a centralized production base and their subsequent installation on site. When laying long-distance pipelines (for example, for gas transportation), preparatory work is carried out in mobile workshops.

Internal S.-t. R. - installation work of parts and components of sanitary equipment of buildings and structures. The cost of this work is about 10% of the cost of constructing the facility as a whole. The installation of sanitary installations is carried out, as a rule, by the industrial method, in which all procurement operations (enlargement of assembly units, parts, completion of systems, etc.) are carried out at installation plants or in central procurement workshops using means of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production processes.

In prefabricated construction, some sanitary fixtures are combined with the building's building structure (see Panel heating). Significantly increases the level of industrialization of agricultural technology. R. the use of volumetric factory-made elements - sanitary cabins (made of concrete, gypsum cement, asbestos cement and other materials), delivered to the construction site with installed sanitary fixtures (See Sanitary fixtures), mounted pipelines and fully finished interior decoration. After installing the cabins, only floor-to-floor connections of pipelines are made.

Installation and assembly operations on site (mainly butt joints) are performed using hand and mechanized tools (pipe wrenches and wrenches, electric wrenches, screwdrivers, etc.). For the installation of ventilation equipment, air ducts and main pipelines in industrial buildings, truck cranes, hydraulic lifts and forklifts equipped with installation platforms are used.

Internal S.-t. R. are completed by adjusting and checking the effectiveness of sanitary devices.

Lit.: Building codes and regulations, part 3, section D, ch. 1. Sanitary equipment of buildings and structures. Rules for production and acceptance of work, M., 1963; Staroverov I. G., Production of sanitary works, M., 1968: Govorov V. P., Dubrovkin S. D., Khotkevich S. G., Production of sanitary works, M., 1969; Cheremushkin P. A., Shalnov A. P., Technology and organization of construction, M., 1970,

I. G. Staroverov.

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