Technical means of informatization. Definition and classification of technical means of informatization Basic parameters and technical characteristics of means of informatization

1. Informatization of society Informatization is a system of interconnected processes:
1) Informational – provides insight
information in a form accessible for storage, transmission and
processing by technical electronic means.
2) Material – forms the global infrastructure
electronic means of storage, transmission and processing
information.
3) Cognitive – aimed at the formation and
preservation of a holistic model of the world.
Informatization of society is the use,
dissemination of technology in society.
TSI (Technical means of information) – technical
devices that allow you to perform at least one of
listed functions: processing, storage and transmission
information.

2. Concept of TSI

Technical means of information (TSI, from English. Technical means of
information) - science directly related to computer technology and
studying the technical characteristics and features of modern
devices
In other words, technical means of informatization study the basic
structural elements of computer equipment: types and design
motherboards, manipulative input devices, video adapters,
types of processors, types of cases and power supplies, non-standard peripherals
devices, RAM and cache memory modules, magnetic and
optical media, video subsystems, monitors, principles of audio processing
information, sound reproducing systems, information output devices
printing, scanners, resource and energy-saving technologies use
computer technology, selection of rational equipment configuration in
in accordance with the task being solved, compatibility of hardware and software
software, hardware upgrades and the list goes on
for a long time
Technical means of informatization are a set of systems, machines,
instruments, mechanisms, devices and other types of equipment,
designed to automate various technological processes
computer science, and those whose output product is
information (data) used to satisfy information
needs in different areas of society.

3. Types of TSI

Technical means of informatization can be divided
into 3 types:
1.
Computer and its varieties, peripherals
devices (output and input devices
information)
2.
Office equipment
3.
Specialized products (for various
professions)

4. Computer system

Computer, PC, computer, computer system.
Hardware
security
Devices
input
Devices
output
Devices
storage
Devices
processing
Software
security
Managers
programs
Applied
programs

Office equipment - organizational equipment, a set of devices and
technical means used for mechanization and automation
managerial and engineering labor.
The range of office equipment includes all technical equipment
mechanization and automation, from the mechanical pencil to
computer input-output devices. For rational use
These funds can be conditionally divided into groups.
Moreover, according to the current classification of industrial products and
taking into account the requirements for it, the following groups of means of labor can be distinguished,
including their main components.
1. Tools for composing text documents (code by classifier
426100): machines and writing machines (426110): machines - yor-gatiz
(mechanical or electrical), office mechanical, office
electric, automatic; Dictaphone equipment (426120): Dictaphones
office, portable; voice recording station; automatic handles and
mechanical pencils (426130): fountain and ballpoint pens, pencil
mechanical, felt pens.

5. Classification of office equipment

2. Tools for copying and rapid reproduction of documents (426200):
photocopying and microphotocopying equipment (426220) - reproduction photocopying equipment for
processing photocopies and printed forms;
electrophotographic copying equipment (426230) - electrophotographic duplicating apparatus with
intermediate image carrier planar;
means of electronic-spark copying (426240) - an apparatus for electron-spark copying without changing the scale;
thermal copying equipment (426250);
office offset printing equipment (426260) - office offset press;
photocopying equipment; screen printing tools (426270) - mesh rotator;
alcohol (hectographic) printing means (426280) - continuous printing hectograph.
3. Document processing tools (426300):
office document selection and sorting tools (426320):
devices - sorting, sheet picking and office;
sheet-gathering machines - automatic office, semi-automatic office;
office paper cutting tools (426330):
devices - office paper cutting, dust removal, office document folding;
device for opening twine seals;
office means of fastening and gluing documents and envelopes (426340): machines - office thread and wire stitching,
seamless binding office, envelope opening manual, hole office, drilling, envelope sealing
office, stitch knitting office, device with upaveral adhesive tape; kleinica;
document stapler; folder;
means for applying protective coatings;
means for applying wax seals and stamps;
Office addressing and stamping tools (426360): electromagnetic stamping apparatus, numbering machine
six-digit semi-automatic, office address device;
means for destroying documents (42€370) - machine for destroying documents.

5. Classification of office equipment

4. Tools for searching, storing and transporting documents (426400):
filing cabinets (426410): desktop, stationary non-mechanized, stationary
mechanized; means for mechanizing information retrieval (426420);
document storage facilities (426430) - office document storage cabinet;
means of transporting office documents (426440): pneumatic office;
conveyor for vertical transportation of documents; cart; courier briefcase folder.
5. Means of operational-technological and production communications:
5.1. Telephone means:
automatic telephone exchanges;
administrative and dispatch communication equipment;
means of expanding telephone communication capabilities;
subscriber devices;
5.2. Industrial loudspeaker communication equipment:
equipment with central amplifiers, with subscriber amplifiers;
acoustic output devices;
industrial television equipment: vocational training schools vidicon, superorticon;
5.3. Radio communications: wearable, portable radios;
5.4. Search and call communication equipment: wired system equipment, wireless
systems; low-frequency (individual) and high-frequency (radio) network equipment.

5. Classification of office equipment

1. Document writing tools (pen, typewriter,
PC, voice recording equipment)
2. Document processing facilities (binding and saddle stitching
and fastening equipment, machines for decoration
works, for destruction of papers, for protection of documents)
3. Copying equipment (copying equipment
documents (reprography, electronography, thermography,
photography, diazography) and printing media)
4. Telecommunications and communication means (in addition to computer
types of communication, telegraph, telephone (radio telephone),
video communication, fax communication)
5. Document storage facilities (microfilming,
holographic documents)

6. History of aircraft development

date
What has been invented
Pre-mechanical
Mechanical
Electromechanical
Electronic
Author (company)
inventions

Introduction

Recently, computers and their capabilities have allowed us to create more comfortable living conditions - a smart home, for example, as well as simplify production processes, reduce labor costs and much more. We can safely say that having computers in our lives is already an advantage.

Any purposeful human activity is, to one degree or another, associated with information processing procedures, which may or may not be automated...

We can safely say that having computers in our lives is a great advantage.

The emergence of electronic computers marked the beginning of the cybernetic direction of using technical means to increase labor efficiency. Automation was a natural, but not a simple continuation of mechanization. If mechanization covers the processes of receiving, transmitting, converting and using energy, then automation is the processes of receiving, transmitting, transforming and using information. Tools are an extension of the human hand, and electronic computers are an extension of the human brain.

The practice of the professional module “Performing work in one or more professions of workers, positions of employees (16199 “Operator of electronic computers and computers”)” is aimed at consolidating, expanding, deepening and systematizing the knowledge acquired during the study of computer science in the first year, acquiring initial practical experience during educational practice on the basis of the Neftekamsk Engineering College, performing practical work aimed at preparing for mastering a future profession, becoming familiar with hardware and software for professional activities.

Upon completion of the training practice, one must acquire skills in working with the application package Microsoft Office Word, Microsoft Office Excel, Microsoft Office Publisher and Point, understand the importance of informatization of society and the automation of computers, and know the job descriptions of an operator of electronic computers and computers.

Hardware and software

Technical means of informatization are the hardware basis of information technologies.

In the process of its development, human society went through the stages of penetration into the secrets of matter, learned to manage various types of energy and, finally, entered the era of informatization. Until the middle of the 19th century, when the processes of collecting and accumulating information were dominant, the means of informatization were a pen, an inkwell and paper. To replace primitive means of information technology at the end of the 19th century. mechanical ones came: a typewriter, a telephone, a telegraph, which served as the basis for fundamental changes in information processing technology. Only many years later, the information processes of remembering and transmitting information were supplemented by the processes of processing it. This became possible with the appearance in the second half of the 20th century. such information technology as electronic computers (computers), which laid the foundation for information technology.

Information technologies are based on the following technical achievements:

New means of storing information on machine-readable media (magnetic tapes, films, magnetic and laser disks, etc.);

Systems for remote information transmission (local computer networks, data networks, telephone networks, radio communications, satellite communications, etc.);

Automated information processing using a computer according to specified algorithms.

Naturally, information technologies are built on a combination of hardware, software and the creative thought of the creators of both these tools and computer technologies.

Experts call computer hardware Hardware (hardware or hard wire), and software - Software (soft wire). The combination “Hardware&Software”, translated as “hard and soft”, is a professional term. In Russia, programs in professional slang are sometimes called the new word “software”, and computers and peripherals are sometimes called “hardware”. The priority of the role of software or hardware in information technology is not subject to discussion, since without software, any most advanced computer is a set of electronic circuit boards.

Technical means of informatization are a set of computer equipment and its peripheral devices - Hardware, which ensures the collection, storage and processing of information, and communication equipment (telephone, telegraph, radio, television, satellite communications, computer networks) that carry out remote transmission of information.

Creation of electronic computers in the middle of the 20th century. is one of the most outstanding achievements in human history. The constant development of the computer technology industry and other technical means of informatization in a short period of time has become one of the determining factors of scientific and technological progress. Many major scientific and technical projects of our time in the field of space research, nuclear energy, and ecology could not be implemented without the use of technical means of informatization. Over the past decades, information technologies, based on modern technical means of informatization, have increasingly invaded various spheres of human activity. There is no doubt that there is a close relationship between the improvement of software, technical means of informatization and the high-tech technologies on the basis of which they are produced. The development of new software requires the creation of increasingly advanced technical means, which, in turn, stimulates the development of new high-performance and economical technological processes for the production of technical means of informatization.

Technical means of informatization

Software

Software (the pronunciation is also acceptable) (PO) - all or part of the programs, procedures, rules and corresponding documentation of the information processing system

Software is one of the types of support for a computer system, along with technical (hardware), mathematical, informational, linguistic, organizational and methodological support.

Academic fields that study software are computer science, programming, and software engineering.

In computer slang, the word software is often used from the English word software, which in this sense was first used in an article in the American Mathematical Monthly by Princeton University mathematician John W. Tukey in 1958

Hardware

Hardware (pronunciation support is also acceptable), hardware, computer components, slang. hardware (English: Hardware) - electronic and mechanical parts of a computing device that are part of a system or network, excluding software and data (information that the computing system stores and processes). Hardware includes: computers and logic devices, external devices and diagnostic equipment, power equipment, batteries and accumulators.

Operating system, abbr. OS (English operating system, OS) is a set of control and processing programs, which, on the one hand, act as an interface between computer system devices and application programs, and on the other hand, are designed to control devices, manage computing processes, and effectively distribute computing resources between computing processes and the organization of reliable computing. This definition applies to most modern general-purpose operating systems.

Main functions:

— Execution of program requests (data input and output, starting and stopping other programs, allocating and freeing additional memory, etc.).

― Standardized access to peripheral devices (input/output devices).

― RAM management (distribution between processes, organization of virtual memory).

― Controlling access to data on non-volatile media (such as a hard drive, optical disks, etc.), organized in a particular file system.

― Providing a user interface.

― Saving information about system errors.

Additional functions:

— Parallel or pseudo-parallel execution of tasks (multitasking).

— Efficient distribution of computing system resources between processes.

— Differentiation of access of various processes to resources.

― Organization of reliable computing (the inability of one computing process to intentionally or mistakenly influence calculations in another process) is based on the differentiation of access to resources.

— Interaction between processes: data exchange, mutual synchronization.

― Protection of the system itself, as well as user data and programs from actions of users (malicious or unknowing) or applications.

― Multi-user mode of operation and differentiation of access rights (authentication, authorization).

Diagram illustrating the place of the operating system in the multi-level structure of a computer

In the logical structure of a typical computing system, the operating system occupies a position between devices with their microarchitecture, machine language and, possibly, their own (built-in) firmware - on the one hand - and application programs on the other.

Operating system loader is system software that ensures the operating system loads immediately after turning on the computer.

Operating system loader:

provides the necessary means for dialogue with the computer user (for example, the bootloader allows you to select the operating system to boot);

brings the computer hardware into the state necessary to start the operating system kernel (for example, on non-x86 architectures, before starting the kernel, the bootloader must correctly configure the virtual memory);

loads the operating system kernel into RAM. The operating system kernel does not necessarily load from the hard drive. The bootloader can obtain the kernel over the network. The kernel can be stored in ROM or loaded via serial interfaces (this can be useful at an early stage of debugging the computer system being created);

generates parameters passed to the operating system kernel (for example, parameters indicating the method of connecting the root file system are passed to the Linux kernel);

transfers control to the operating system kernel.

On IBM PC architecture computers, the bootloader is launched by the BIOS software stored in the computer ROM after the POST procedure has been successfully completed.

The kernel is the central part of the operating system (OS), providing applications with coordinated access to computer resources, such as processor time, memory, external hardware, and external input and output devices. The kernel also typically provides file system and network protocol services.

As the foundational element of the OS, the kernel represents the lowest level of abstraction for applications to access the system resources they need to run. As a rule, the kernel provides such access to the executable processes of the corresponding applications through the use of inter-process communication mechanisms and applications calling OS system calls.

The described task may vary depending on the type of kernel architecture and the method of its implementation (monolithic, modular, microkernel, exokernel, nanokernel, hybrid).

The operating system shell (from the English shell - shell) is an interpreter of operating system commands, providing an interface for user interaction with system functions.

In general, there are two types of shells for user interaction: textual user interface (TUI) and graphical user interface (GUI).

Graphic shells for Windows

The latest versions of the Windows operating system use the Windows Explorer integrated environment as their shell. Windows Explorer is a visual management environment that includes the Desktop, Start Menu, Taskbar, and file management functions. Early versions of Windows 3.xx included a program manager as a graphical shell.

A driver (plural drivers) is a computer program with the help of which other programs (usually an operating system) gain access to the hardware of a certain device. Typically, operating systems come with drivers for key hardware components, without which the system will not work. However, some devices (such as a video card or printer) may require special drivers, usually provided by the device manufacturer.

In general, the driver is not required to interact with hardware devices, it can only imitate them (for example, a printer driver that writes output from programs to a file), provide software services not related to device management

Operating systems are needed if:

- a computer system is used for various tasks, and programs that solve these problems need to save and exchange data. This implies the need for a universal data storage mechanism; In the vast majority of cases, the operating system responds with a file system implementation. Modern systems also provide the ability to directly “link” the output of one program to the input of another, bypassing the relatively slow disk operations;

— different programs need to perform the same routine actions. For example, simply entering a character from the keyboard and displaying it on the screen may require the execution of hundreds of machine commands, while a disk operation may require thousands. To avoid having to re-program them each time, operating systems provide system libraries of frequently used routines (functions);

— it is necessary to distribute powers between programs and system users so that users can protect their data from unauthorized access, and a possible error in the program does not cause total trouble;

- it is necessary to be able to simulate the “simultaneous” execution of several programs on one computer (even one containing only one processor), carried out using a technique known as “time sharing”. In this case, a special component, called the scheduler, divides the processor time into short segments and provides them one by one to various executing programs (processes);

— the operator must be able to somehow control the execution of individual programs. For this purpose, operating environments are used - a shell and sets of utilities - they can be part of the operating system.

3 Organization of the I/O system

The transfer of information from a peripheral device to the computer core is called an “input” operation, and the transfer from the core to a peripheral device is called an “output” operation. Devices communicate with each other using pairing tools - hardware interfaces.

An interface is a set of lines and buses, signals, electronic circuits and algorithms (protocols) designed to exchange information between devices.

The performance and reliability of computer systems depends on the characteristics of the interfaces. In computer input/output systems, there are 2 main ways to organize data transfer between memory and peripheral devices:

1 PIO (software-controlled data transfer) is carried out with the direct participation and control of the CPU, which at the same time executes a special program for the I/O procedure. Data between memory and peripheral device is sent via the CPU.

2. DMA (Direct Memory Access) is a data exchange method that provides processor-independent data transfer between memory and peripheral devices.

The DMA mode provides a higher data exchange speed due to the fact that the exchange is controlled not by software, but by hardware. We can distinguish 2 characteristic principles for constructing I/O: a computer with one common interface and a computer with multiple interfaces and I/O processors.

Interface classes by functionality:

System interfaces (PCI, IDE);

Peripheral equipment interfaces (LPT, USB):

b) specialized.

Software-controlled modular systems and devices;

Data network interfaces.

Internal interfaces are often called buses. External interfaces are often called ports. Buses can connect 2 or more devices, but ports can only connect 2 devices.

CPU interfaces are structurally implemented in the form of two modifications:

Slot (slit) connector;

Thus, any component inserted into the connector can interact with every PC component connected to the bus. A bus is a set of conductors that connects various computer components to supply power and exchange data.

In a typical configuration, the bus includes:

Data bus;

Address bus;

Control bus (instruction bus);

Power bus.

Typically systems include two types of buses:

1. The system bus connects the CPU with RAM and L2;

2. many I/O buses connecting the CPU with various peripheral devices. In this case, peripheral devices are connected to the system bus using bridges.

The system bus is physically divided into:

1. primary bus (FSB);

2. secondary bus (BSB).

The use of dual independent buses increases performance due to the independent processor bus accessing different memory levels in parallel. The device connected on the bus is divided into two categories:

1. Bus masters – active devices capable of controlling the operation of the bus;

2. Bus Slaves – devices that can only respond to requests.

I. Agents affecting hemostasis. Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology

II. Bibliographic indexes. 1. Dostoevskaya A. G. Bibliographic index of works and works of art related to the life and work of Dostoevsky

II. Write sentences from the text that support the following statements. a) The time is coming when people will have difficulty getting to work due to idling in traffic jams and ineffective cars

II. Write sentences from the text that support the following statements. a) There will come a time when obtaining industrial materials in space will become commonplace

Information technology is a process that uses a set of tools and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon.

Information technologies and systems are most widely used in production, management and financial activities.

Technical means of informatization - the hardware basis of information technology .

Technical means of informatization (TSI) is a set of systems, machines, instruments, mechanisms, devices and other types of equipment designed to automate various technological processes of computer science, and those whose output product is information (data) used to satisfy information needs in different areas of the company's activities.

Almost any technical means, including computer ones, can be divided according to their purpose into universal, used in various fields, and special, created for use in specific conditions or areas of activity. The use of universal technical means reduces financial costs for the supply of consumables and repairs, allows the use of standard solutions, facilitates their development, operation, etc.

There is a division of TSI according to the principle of operation. In this case, the following technical means are distinguished:

■ mechanical - driven by human muscular power (carts, typewriters, sliding racks, etc.);

■ electromechanical - they use an electric motor as a source of motion (elevators and conveyors for transporting storage media, shelving, electric typewriters, etc.);

■ electrical - use electrical signals of direct or alternating current, for example, general and local lighting, telephone and radio communications, electrical displays, electrical signal sensors;

■ electronic - various types of computer equipment, televisions and industrial television, electronic signal sensors, sound speakers, modems, etc.;

■ electronic-mechanical - turntables and players, tape recorders, video recorders and video players, CD players, stereo systems, etc.;

■ photo-optical - use the photoelectric effect to obtain images, for example, photographic and cinema cameras, microfilming devices, phototypesetting machines, projectors, photo-optical signal sensors. These include technical means that use laser devices: copiers, printers, scanners, CD players, fax machines, etc.;

■ pneumatic - for example, racks and lifts.

According to their purpose, TSI is divided into means of transportation, copying and duplicating equipment, communications and telecommunications, security, training, computer, audio and video equipment.

Transportation means include: trolleys, belt and other conveyors and transporters, elevators, vehicles.

Copying and duplicating equipment includes printing equipment, copiers (copiers), risographs, office equipment (typewriters, laminators, brochurators, numbering machines, stampers, staplers), etc.

Depending on the functions performed, all TSI can be divided into six groups.

1. Information input devices:

■ text;

■ pointing devices (mouse, light pen, trackball, graphics tablet, joystick);

■ multimedia (graphics - scanner and digital camera; sound - tape recorder, microphone; video - web camera, video camera).

2. Information output devices:

■ text (monitor);

■ multimedia (graphics - printer, plotter; sound - headphones, speaker systems; video - video recorder, video camera).

3. Information processing devices:

■ microprocessor;

■ coprocessor.

4. Devices for transmitting and receiving information:

■ modem (modulator-demodulator);

■ network adapter (network card).

5. Multifunctional devices:

■ copy devices;

■ breeding devices;

■ publishing systems.

6. Information storage devices.

As follows from the above classification, most of the modern TSIs are in one way or another connected with PCs.

Input and output devices are an indispensable and obligatory element of any computer, from the very first to modern PCs, since it is these devices that ensure user interaction with the computing system.

All computer input (output) devices are peripheral devices, i.e., connected to the microprocessor via the system bus and corresponding controllers. Today, there are entire groups of devices (for example, location devices, multimedia) that provide efficient and convenient user experience.

The main device of a computer is a microprocessor, which in the most general case provides control of all devices and information processing. To solve specific problems, such as mathematical calculations, modern PCs are equipped with coprocessors. These devices are classified as information processing devices.

Devices for transmitting and receiving information (communication devices) are indispensable attributes of modern information systems, which are increasingly acquiring the features of distributed information systems in which information is not stored in one place, but is distributed within a network.

Modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts information into a form in which it can be transmitted over telephone communication lines. Internal modems have a PCI interface and are connected directly to the motherboard. External modems are connected via COM or USB ports.

Network adapter (network card) is an electronic device made in the form of an expansion card (can be integrated into the system board) with a connector for connecting to a communication line.

Multifunctional devices began to appear relatively recently. A distinctive feature of these devices is the combination of a number of functions (for example, scanning and printing or printing and binding hard copies) to automate user actions.

Information storage devices occupy not the last place among all TSI, since they are used for temporary (short-term) or long-term storage of processed and accumulated information.

Modern technical means of informatization can generally be represented in the form of an information and computing complex containing the computer itself with its main devices, as well as additional or peripheral devices. The classification of technical means of informatization is given in Fig. 1.1.

Topic 1.2. General characteristics and classification of technical means of informatization.

Plan:

Technical means of informatization are the hardware basis of information technologies.

Classification of TSI.

1 . Technical means of informatization - hardwarethe basis of information technology.

Information technologies are based on the following technical achievements:

new means of storing information on machine-readable media (magnetic tapes, films, magnetic and laser disks, etc.);

systems for remote information transmission (local computer networks, data networks, telephone networks, radio communications, satellite communications, etc.);

automated processing of information using a computer according to specified algorithms.

Naturally, information technologies are built on a combination of hardware, software and the creative thought of the creators of both these tools and computer technologies.

Experts call computer hardware(hardware or rigid wire), and software - Software(soft wire). The combination “Hardware&Software”, translated as “hard and soft”, is a professional term. In Russia, programs in professional slang are sometimes called the new word “software”, and computers and peripherals are sometimes called “hardware”. The priority of the role of software or hardware in information technology is not subject to discussion, since without software, any most advanced computer is a set of electronic circuit boards.

Creation electronic computers in the middle of the 20th century. is one of the most outstanding achievements in human history. The constant development of the computer technology industry and other technical means of informatization in a short period of time has become one of the determining factors of scientific and technological progress. Many major scientific and technical projects of our time in the field of space research, nuclear energy, and ecology could not be implemented without the use of technical means of informatization. Over the past decades, information technologies, based on modern technical means of informatization, have increasingly invaded various spheres of human activity. There is no doubt that there is a close relationship between the improvement of software, technical means of informatization and the high-tech technologies on the basis of which they are produced. The development of new software requires the creation of increasingly advanced technical means, which, in turn, stimulates the development of new high-performance and economical technological processes for the production of technical means of informatization.

2 . Classification of TSI.

Modern technical means of informatization can generally be represented in the form information and computing complex, containing the computer itself with its main devices, as well as additional or peripheral devices. The classification of technical means of informatization is given in Fig. 1.1.

To the number basic devices of a personal computer located in its system unit include the motherboard, processor, video adapter (video card), sound card, video signal processing tools, RAM, TV tuner. The system unit also contains drives and drives for information storage devices of various types: floppy and hard disks, compact discs such as CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD.

The variety of functions performed by peripheral devices when solving various tasks can be divided into several groups, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Information display devices serve to process video information and present it for visual perception. This is first of all monitors, manufactured on the basis of a wide range of modern technologies. Formation of volumetric images is carried out using virtual reality helmets, 3D glasses and 3D monitors of various operating principles. To solve problems related to display of information on the screen for a large audience, used overhead projectors, LCD panels and multimedia projectors. To provide relationships serves between the computer and the information display device video adapter, converts the digital signal circulating inside the PC into analog electrical signals supplied to the monitor. For computer processing of signals from devices such as a television tuner, VCR, video camera, i.e. converting them from analog to digital form, special video signal processing tools are used, for example , video blaster.

Sound and acoustic Computer systems provide processing and reproduction of audio information.

Input devices represent a set of control and data input devices. These functions perform keyboard, mouse, joystick. To enter information into a PC, they are increasingly used light pen, scanner, digital camera, digitizer. Scanners are distinguished by a particular variety of design solutions. They are tablet, roller, drum, projection, manual and multifunctional.

Printing devices (printers) are used to output textual information onto hard, usually paper, media. According to the principle of operation, printers are very diverse: impact, inkjet, laser, LED, thermal. To display graphic information in the form of drawings, use plotters. The functioning of plotter writing units is based on the same principles as printers, and according to their design they are divided into flatbed and roll.

Telecommunications designed for remote transmission of information. These include pagers, radiotelephones, personal terminals for satellite communications, providing the transmission of audio and text information. Fax machines that carry out the process of remote transmission of images and text are divided into thermographic, electrographic, inkjet, laser, photographic, electrochemical and electromechanical. Modems are mainly used to exchange information between computers via a telephone line and are designed both externally, operating autonomously, and internally, built into the equipment.

Widespread means of working with information on hard media are numerous copier devices: electrographic, thermographic, diazographic, photographic, electronic graphic. To destroy confidential information on hard media, special devices are used - shredders.

Control questions:

What is the unit of measurement for the amount of information?

What units of information do you know and their relationship?

How can you measure the amount of information? Give formulas connecting the number of possible outcomes N and amount of information I

How are text characters encoded?

What encodings of Russian letters exist?

How do existing encodings of Russian letters differ?

What is the difference between traditional 8-bit encodings and the new Unicode encoding?

What parameters determine the quality of binary audio encoding?

How is binary encoding of graphic information performed?

What is included in the technical means of information technology?

Give the classification of TSI.

Exercises.

Exercise 1.

1). How much information will the second player receive in the game “Guess the Number” if the first player guessed the number: 32, 128?

2). How much information is needed to encode one image point with a palette of 16 colors?

Exercise2.

Using the Character Table, write down the Windows encoding (CP1251) decimal numeric code sequence for the word computer.

Exercise3.

Using the Symbol Table and then the Calculator, write down the sequence of binary numeric codes in Windows encoding (CP1251) for the word bit.

Exercise4.

Using Notepad, determine which words in the Windows encoding (CP1251) are specified by sequences of numeric codes:

225, 224, 233, 242

11011101,11000010,11001100

Exercise5.

Using Notepad, determine which words in MS-DOS (CP866) encoding are specified by sequences of numeric codes:

161, 160, 169, 226

10011101, 10000010, 10001100

Exercise 6.

Recently, a graphics mode with a color depth of 32 bits has begun to be used. Define:

1). How many colors are displayed on the screen at this color depth?

2). How much video memory is needed to implement a given color depth at different screen resolutions?

Exercise 7.

1). How many audio levels are encoded in legacy 8-bit sound cards?

2). Calculate the size of a 10-second mono audio file with 16-bit encoding and a sampling rate of 44 kHz.

Section 2. Technical characteristics of modern computers.

Topic 2.1. General information about electronic computers (computers).

Plan:

The most important stages in the history of computer technology.

The design and principle of operation of a computer.

Classification of computers.

1. The most important stages in the history of computing technology

Creation of electronic computers in the middle of the 20th century. rightfully considered one of the most outstanding achievements in the history of mankind. Computing technology has expanded human intellectual capabilities and has become one of the decisive factors in scientific and technological progress. Moreover, its development is inextricably linked with the development of engineering and technology in a number of industrial sectors.

The history of the use of mechanical and semi-automatic means for arithmetic operations goes back more than one millennium. The first computing devices were created in Ancient Greece. In 1642, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal(1623- 1662) created mechanical adding machine, which allowed you to perform four arithmetic operations. German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz(1646-1716) invented mechanical adding machine, which performs addition and multiplication. Englishman Charles Babbage(1792-1871) developed the concept of a computer with flexible programming circuit and storage device. Programs were entered using punched cards - cards made of dense material, on which information was presented in the form of a combination of holes and stored in a “warehouse” (memory) in the form of initial data and intermediate results.

The most rapid and consistent development and implementation of computing devices was marked by the first half of the 20th century. The possibility of creating a universal computer was substantiated by an English mathematician Alan Mathieson Turing (1912-1954).

In 1943, American Howard Aiken on the basis of electromechanical relays already created by that time, he designed and manufactured at one of the IBM enterprises a computer called "Mark-1".

The use of vacuum tubes in the creation of the first computers contributed to progress in this area. In 1946 in the USA, a group of specialists led by Jon Mauchly And Presper Eckert the first computer was created based on vacuum tubes, named ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer - electronic numerical integrator and computer) and intended for ballistic calculations. To perform other calculations, it was necessary to practically rebuild the machine from scratch.

In 1949, a computer was created, which embodied the principles of constructing a logical circuit of a computer by an outstanding mathematician John von Neumann(1903-1957). This machine used a flexible, memorized program that could be changed without rebuilding the entire machine.

Vacuum tube computers were bulky and very expensive, so they were available only to large companies and institutions.

Invention in 1948 transistors, which replaced vacuum tubes in computers, the development of technology for their mass production contributed to the second half of the 1950s. significant improvement, reduction in the size of computers and reduction in their cost. If computers using vacuum tubes occupied entire halls, then the first mini-computer released by the company Digital Equipment in 1965, was only the size of a refrigerator.

The next step along the path of miniaturization and improvement of computers was associated with the invention integrated circuits. In 1959 Robert Noyce, later the founder of Intel, proposed creating on one plate both the transistors themselves and all the connections between them, the so-called integrated circuits, or chips. The first computer based on integrated circuits was released in 1968 by the company Burroughs. In 1970, the company's designers Intel created an integrated circuit similar in its functions to the central processor of a large computer. The first microprocessor was capable of processing only 4 bits of information at a time. But already in 1973 an 8-bit microprocessor was released Intel-8008, and in 1974 - an improved version of the Intel-8080, which until the end of the 1970s. became the standard for the microcomputer industry. The first commercially distributed computer was created based on the Intel-8080 in 1975 "Altair 8800", not yet equipped with a keyboard and monitor, with 256 bytes of RAM. The Altair personal computer gained popularity thanks to the fact that Paul Allen and Bill Gates (future founders of Microsoft) created for it Basic language interpreter, which allowed users to communicate with the computer quite simply. Computers began to be sold fully equipped, with a keyboard and monitor. The demand for them increased from year to year.

In 1979 the company IBM (International Business Machine Corporation) entered the market personal computers. At the same time, it was decided not to create a fundamentally new personal computer, but to use units manufactured by other companies. The then latest 16-bit microprocessor was chosen as the main microprocessor of the computer Intel-8088 with a memory capacity of 1 MB, components from various companies were used, and the software was entrusted to be developed by a then small company Microsoft. In August 1981, the official presentation of a new computer called IBM PC, which quickly took a leading place in the market, becoming the standard for personal computers. Now computers compatible with the IBM PC make up more than 90% of all personal computers produced in the world.

The popularity of IBM PC computers is due to the fact that IBM was guided by open architecture principle, i.e. initially made the computer not a single one-piece device, but provided the ability to change its configuration from individual components depending on the range of tasks being solved.

Under computer architecture is understood as a set of general principles for constructing a computer that implements software control of work and the interaction of its main functional units.

General principles of computer construction that relate to architecture:

computer memory structure;

methods of accessing memory and external devices;

the ability to change the computer configuration;

command system;

data formats;

interface organization.

The architecture does not regulate all connections between the components of a computing tool, but the most important ones necessary for more efficient use. The architecture of a computing facility should be distinguished from its structure.

Structure of the computing tool defines its specific composition at a certain level of detail (devices, blocks, nodes, etc.) and describes the connections within the system.

In accordance with the principle of open architecture, only those blocks that perform information processing (computations) are located on the main electronic board of the IBM PC computer (system, or motherboard). The circuits that control all other (peripheral) devices of the computer - monitor, disks, printer, etc., are implemented on separate boards (controllers), which are inserted into standard connectors on the system board - slots. These electronic circuits are supplied with power from a single power supply, and for convenience and reliability, all this is contained in a common housing - the system unit. The openness of the architecture lies in the fact that for IBM PC-compatible computers all specifications for the interaction of external devices with controllers and controllers with the system board (bus) are available. The main stages of development of IBM PC-compatible computers and peripheral devices are given in table. 2.1.

Table 2.1

The main stages of development of IBM PC-compatible computers and peripheral devices

Year of appearance	PC components and peripherals
	8086 processor 64 KB DRAM 160 byte 5.25" floppy disk drive (FDD)
	8088 processor
	Hard drive (HDD) with a capacity of 10 MB Monitors of the CGA standard Monitors of the MDA standard
	80286 processor Magneto-optical drives CD-ROM drive Pin printer
	Laser Printer Inkjet Printer
	5.25" FDD 1.2 MB 3.5" FDD 720 KB EGA monitors Mouse
	Processor 80386DX
	3.5" floppy disk drive (FDD) with a capacity of 1.4 MB
	Winchester (HDD) IDE VGA monitors
	Processor 80386SX
	Processor 80486DX Sound card
	SVGA monitors
	Processor 80486DX2

	Pentium 60 processor
	Processor 80486DX4
	Pentium Pro processor FPM DRAM DVD drive
	Processor EDO DRAM
	Pentium II processor Pentium MMX processor SDRAM Zip drive
1998Technical facilitiesinformatization. Collection of descriptions... Training and metodology complex Technicalfacilitiesinformatization Technicalfacilitiesinformatization Educational and methodological complex for the discipline technical controls Training and metodology complex Methodical materials E.I.Grebenyuk, N.A.Grebenyuk Technicalfacilitiesinformatization. Textbook. M.:, publishing center “... application Conclusion Literature Grebenyuk E.I., Grebenyuk N.A. Technicalfacilitiesinformatization. M, Academy, 2003, 272 p. Broido... Informatization of modern society and the closely related informatization of education are characterized by the improvement and mass dissemination of information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) Document Education technicalfundsinformatization, software funds, their content. The first of them are technicalfacilitiesinformatization education is not... TECHNICAL TOOLS FOR ENSURING INFORMATION SECURITY Guidelines for course design in the discipline "Organizational and legal support of information security" for students of specialties 075200 "Computer Guidelines An object informatization; OTSS - basic technicalfacilities and systems; VTSS - auxiliary technicalfacilities and systems; TSOI - technicalmeans information processing...

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru

Subject: GeneralcharacteristicAndclassificationtechnical means of informatization

1. Technicalfacilitiesinformatization-hardwarebasisinformationtechnologies

Technicalfacilitiesinformatization- this is a set of systems, machines, devices, mechanisms, devices and other types of equipment designed to automate various technological processes of computer science, and those whose output product is information (data) used to satisfy information needs in various areas of society.

To replace primitive means of information technology at the end of the 19th century. mechanical ones came: a typewriter, a telephone, a telegraph, which served as the basis for fundamental changes in information processing technology. Only many years later information processes memorization And transfers there were information supplemented its processes processing . This became possible with the appearance in the second half of the 20th century. such information technology as electronic computers (computers), which laid the foundation informational technologies.

Information technologies are based on the following technical achievements:

New means of storing information on machine-readable media (magnetic tapes, films, magnetic and laser disks, etc.);

Systems for remote information transmission (local computer networks, data networks, telephone networks, radio communications, satellite communications, etc.);

Automated information processing using a computer according to specified algorithms.

It is natural that informational technologies are built on a combination of hardware, software and the creative thought of the creators, both of these tools and computer technologies.

Experts call computer hardware Hardware(hardware or rigid wire) and software -- Software(soft wire). The combination " Hardware&Software", translated as "hard and soft", is a professional term. In Russia, programs in professional slang are sometimes called a new word “ software", and the computer and peripherals - " iron" The priority of the role of software or hardware in information technology is not subject to discussion, since without software, any most advanced computer is a set of electronic circuit boards.

Technicalfacilitiesinformatization represent totality computer equipment and its peripheral devices - Hardware, providing collection, storage and processing of information, and communication equipment (telephone, telegraph, radio, television, satellite communications, computer networks), carrying out remote transmission of information. informatization technical technology information

Creation of computers in the middle of the 20th century. is one of the most outstanding achievements in human history. Permanent development The industry of computer equipment and other technical means of information technology has in a short time become one of the determining factors of scientific and technological progress. Many major scientific and technical projects of our time in the field of space research, nuclear energy, and ecology could not be implemented without the use of technical means of informatization. Over the past decades, information technology based using modern technical means of informatization, they are increasingly invading various spheres of human activity. Undoubtedly tight relationship improving software, technical means of informatization and high-tech technologies on the basis of which they are produced. The development of new software requires the creation of increasingly advanced technical means, which, in turn, stimulates the development of new high-performance and economical technological processes for the production of technical means of informatization.

2 . ClassificationTSI

All technical means of informatization, depending on the functions performed, can be divided into six groups:

1. Devicesinputinformation:

Pointers (mouse, light pen, trackball, graphics tablet, joystick)

Multimedia (graphics (scanner and digital camera), sound (tape recorder, microphone), video (web camera, video camera))

2. Devicesoutputinformation:

Text (monitor);

Multimedia (graphics (printer, plotter), sound (headphones, speaker systems), video (VCR, video camera))

3. Devicesprocessinginformation:

Microprocessor

Coprocessor

4. DevicestransfersAndreceptioninformation:

LAN card

5. Multifunctionaldevices:

Copy devices

Breeding devices

Publishing systems

6. Devicesstorageinformation

As follows from the above classification, most of the modern technical means of informatization are in one way or another connected with computers - personal computers (PCs).

DevicesinputAndoutput are an indispensable and obligatory element of any computer, from the very first to modern PCs, since it is these devices that ensure user interaction with the computing system.

All input/output devices of a personal computer belong to peripheral devices, i.e. connected to the microprocessor via the system bus and the corresponding controllers. Today, there are entire groups of devices (for example, location devices, multimedia) that provide efficient and convenient user experience.

The main device of a computer is microprocessor , which in the most general case provides control of all devices and information processing. To solve specific problems, for example, mathematical calculations, modern personal computers are equipped with coprocessors. These devices belong Todevicesprocessinginformation.

DevicestransfersAndreceptioninformation(or communication devices) are indispensable attributes of modern information systems, which are increasingly acquiring the features of distributed information systems, in which information is not stored in one place, but is distributed within a network.

Modem (modulator-demodulator)- a device that converts information into a form in which it can be transmitted over telephone communication lines. Internal modems have a PCI interface and are connected directly to the motherboard. External modems are connected via COM or USB ports.

Network adapter (network pay)- an electronic device made in the form of an expansion board (can be integrated into the system board) with a connector for connecting to a communication line.

Devicesstorageinformation They occupy not the last place among all technical means of informatization, since they are used for temporary (short-term) or long-term storage of processed and accumulated information.

Multifunctionaldevices began to appear relatively recently. A distinctive feature of these devices is the combination of a number of functions (for example, scanning and printing or printing and binding hard copies, etc.) to automate user actions.

In the general case, TSI can be represented as an information and computing complex containing the computer itself with its main devices, as well as additional or peripheral devices.

To the number main devices of a personal computer located in its system unit are classified as maternal fee, CPU, video adapter(video card), sound map, facilities processing video signal, operational memory, TV tuner. The system unit also contains drives and drives for information storage devices of various types: floppy and hard disks, compact discs such as CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD.

The variety of functions performed by peripheral devices in solving various tasks can be divided into several groups, as shown in rice.1.1 .

Devicesdisplayinformation serve to process video information and present it for visual perception. These are primarily monitors made on the basis of a wide range of modern technologies. The formation of three-dimensional images is carried out using virtual reality helmets, 3D glasses and 3D monitors of various operating principles. To solve problems related to displaying information on a screen for a large audience, they use overhead projectors, liquid crystal panels and multimedia projectors.

To ensure communication between the computer and the information display device, it is used video adapter, which converts the digital signal circulating inside the PC into analog electrical signals supplied to the monitor. For computer processing of signals from devices such as a television tuner, VCR, video camera, i.e. to convert them from analog to digital form, use special video signal processing tools, for example, video blaster.

Sound And acousticsystems computers provide processing and reproduction of audio information.

Devicesinputinformation represent a set of control and data input devices. These functions are performed by a keyboard, mouse, and joystick. To enter information into a PC, a light pen, scanner, digital camera, and digitizer are increasingly being used. Scanners are distinguished by a particular variety of design solutions. They are tablet, roller, drum, projection, manual and multifunctional.

Printersdevices(printers) are used to output textual information onto hard, usually paper, media. According to the operating principle, printers are very diverse: drums, inkjet, laser, LED, thermal. To display graphic information in the form of drawings, use plotters . The functioning of plotter writing units is based on the same principles as printers, and according to their design they are divided into flatbed and roll.

Facilitiestelecommunications designed for remote transmission of information. These include pagers, radiotelephones, personal terminals for satellite communications, providing transmission of audio and text information. Facsimiledevices, which carry out the process of remote transmission of images and text, are divided into thermographic, electrographic, inkjet, laser, photographic, electrochemical and electromechanical. Modems are mainly used for exchanging information between computers via a telephone line and are structurally implemented both externally, functioning autonomously, and internally, built into the equipment.

Widespread means of working with information on hard media are numerous devicescopyingtechnology: electrographic, thermographic, diazographic, photographic, electronic graphic. To destroy confidential information on hard media, special devices are used - shredders.

Testsquestions:

1. What is accepted as a unit of measurement of the amount of information?

2. What units of measurement of information do you know, their relationship?

3. How can you measure the amount of information? Give formulas connecting the number of possible outcomes N and the amount of information I

4. How are text characters encoded?

5. What encodings of Russian letters exist?

6. How do existing encodings of Russian letters differ?

7. What is the difference between traditional 8-bit encodings and the new Unicode encoding?

8. On what parameters does the quality of binary audio encoding depend?

9. How is binary coding of graphic information performed?

10. What is included in the technical means of information technology?

11. Give the classification of TSI.

Exercises

Exercise 1.

1). How much information will the second player receive in the game “Guess the Number” if the first player guessed the number: 32, 128?

2). How much information is needed to encode one image point with a palette of 16 colors?

Exercise 2.

Using the Character Table, write down the Windows encoding (CP1251) decimal numeric code sequence for the word computer.

Exercise 3.

Using the Symbol Table and then the Calculator, write down the Windows encoding (CP1251) binary numeric code sequence for the word bit.

Exercise 4.

Using Notepad, determine which words in the Windows encoding (CP1251) are specified by sequences of numeric codes:

225, 224, 233, 242

11011101,11000010,11001100

Exercise 5.

Using Notepad, determine which words in MS-DOS (CP866) encoding are specified by sequences of numeric codes:

161, 160, 169, 226

10011101, 10000010, 10001100

Exercise 6.

Recently, a graphics mode with a color depth of 32 bits has begun to be used. Define:

1). How many colors are displayed on the screen at this color depth?

2). How much video memory is needed to implement a given color depth at different screen resolutions?

Exercise 7.

1). How many audio levels are encoded in legacy 8-bit sound cards?

2). Calculate the size of a 10-second mono audio file with 16-bit encoding and a sampling rate of 44 kHz.

Sources

http://qo.do.am/publ/teorija/tekhnicheskie_sredstva_informatizacii/tema_1_2_obshhaja_kharakteristika_i_klassifikacija_tekhnicheskikh_sredstv_informatizacii/62-1-0-1080

http://qo.do.am/publ/teorija/tekhnicheskie_sredstva_informatizacii/62

Posted on Allbest.ru

2. Concept of TSI

3. Types of TSI

4. Computer system

5. Classification of office equipment

5. Classification of office equipment

5. Classification of office equipment

6. History of aircraft development

Topic 1.2. General characteristics and classification of technical means of informatization.

Section 2. Technical characteristics of modern computers.

Topic 2.1. General information about electronic computers (computers).

Educational and methodological complex for the discipline technical controls

Informatization of modern society and the closely related informatization of education are characterized by the improvement and mass dissemination of information and telecommunication technologies (ICT)

TECHNICAL TOOLS FOR ENSURING INFORMATION SECURITY Guidelines for course design in the discipline "Organizational and legal support of information security" for students of specialties 075200 "Computer

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents