Acne can appear at any age, but most often during adolescence. Not every student can afford expensive skin care products. In this case, the anti-acne propeller cosmetics line comes to the rescue.

These products are aimed at combating rashes, acne, problematic and oily skin, and blackheads. Even adults sometimes purchase these products. There are several series, from each you can individually select suitable cosmetics.

General Product Information

Propeller cosmetics help reduce sebum secretion and tighten pores. They relieve inflammation and soothe irritated skin, fight various types of rashes.

This cosmetics prevents the appearance of new acne, marks and scars after them. Skin looks smooth, healthy and radiant.

This manufacturer has 5 lines of care products:

• Turbo Active with cincidone.
• Pore ​​Vacuum to tighten pores and cleanse blackheads.
• Medical Pharm Only with azelaic acid.
• Estetic Red – mattifying products.
• Immuno with lactulose and salicylic acid.

Method of action

How do acne propeller products work:

1. Cleansing gels remove impurities and sebum.
2. Tonics and lotions dry out inflammation, tone the skin, and prepare it for the next stage.
3. Mattifying tonic powders prevent the skin from shining.
4. Scrubs even out the surface of the skin, eliminate blackheads and flaking.
5. Peeling rolls gently exfoliate the skin and remove unevenness.
6. Local agents are effective for local problems.
7. Creams are used to mattify and moisturize the skin.
8. Cleansing strips effectively push blackheads to the surface.
9. Foundations hide skin imperfections and mattify perfectly.

All products mattify the skin, the face no longer looks like an oily pancake. The skin is smooth, fresh, radiant and elastic. Skincare cosmetics do not mask the problem, but eliminate the cause.

Acne propeller – cosmetics line

In each of the five series you can find the most effective acne remedies. In the right combination with each other, they will help get rid of rashes forever.

Local action sos cream

This is a concentrated product of pure white color. It is applied precisely to problem areas. The cream eliminates existing rashes, prevents the appearance of new ones, fights scars and acne marks.

The manufacturer promises to fix these problems within 24 hours. Cincidone in the composition dries out inflammation and slows down the production of sebum. It has soothing and antibacterial properties.

“3 in 1” product

Can be used as a gel, scrub and mask. A universal product that deeply cleanses and exfoliates the skin. Evens out the tone and structure of the skin.

The anti-acne complex with cincidone reduces the number of harmful bacteria. Mattifies and refreshes the skin.

azeloin cream

Contains azeloglycine, which reduces the amount of sebum secreted by the skin and normalizes the functioning of the sebaceous glands. Ivan tea extract has an antibacterial effect and relieves inflammation.

The cream contains vitamin E, which acts as an antioxidant. The product acts on all types of acne, marks and scars from them, and helps with rosacea.

Acne cream for daily care

The care cream is designed to tighten enlarged pores. It has a moisturizing effect. Kills harmful bacteria and creates a special barrier that prevents them from penetrating again.

The acids in the cream are aimed at eliminating the cause. They regulate the functioning of the sebaceous glands. The light structure of the cream allows it to be quickly absorbed. Promotes a feeling of freshness and lightness.

Cleansing gel with cincidon

Opens pores, pushing dirt, dust and fat out. Gently but thoroughly cleanses the face. The anti-acne complex with cincidone has an enhanced effect.

Antibacterial gel eliminates acne and oily shine, normalizes sebum secretion. Evens out the skin structure and has a mattifying effect.

Shower gel

Acne appears not only on the face, but also on the body. Propeller shower gel cleanses the skin very gently and does not dehydrate it.

Lactulose and anti-acne complex maintain normal skin moisture and prevent the appearance of acne on the body.

Detox mask

Gentle exfoliating action helps eliminate dead skin cells and excess sebum. The mask keeps pores clean longer, which reduces the likelihood of acne.

The complex with cincidone has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. The skin becomes matte, clean and smooth.

Salicylic lotion

Tones the skin, prepares it for subsequent care products. Bio salicylate complex destroys germs and reduces redness. Lactulose cleanses and dries the skin.

The lotion helps eliminate existing acne and prevents the appearance of new breakouts. Forms a protective film that prevents germs from reaching the skin.

Salicylic suspension Boltushka

Most popular among teenagers. Copes well with acne at this age, eliminates harmful bacteria. Comes in a glass bottle with an applicator.

Restores the structure of the skin, evens it out and makes it smoother. This is facilitated by zinc, lactulose and the bio salicylate complex in the mash.

Spot applicators

These local action products are impregnated with a special hydrogel. The composition acts specifically on the pimple and helps it resolve faster.

The active ingredients in the composition reduce the number of harmful bacteria, remove inflammation and acne marks. The product acts gently and does not damage the skin.

Activated carbon strips

Blackhead removal strips push dirt to the surface. The dots stick to the strip and come out completely from the pores.

Licorice extract opens pores. Activated carbon is a natural adsorbent. It grabs the dirt and pulls it out. Pores are clean and empty.

Mode of application

• Sos cream: Apply to inflamed areas of a cleansed face using tapping movements. Before applying, you can use an anti-acne toner. Recommended to do before bedtime. The longer the cream is on the skin, the sooner the effect will be noticeable.
• 3 in 1 product: Apply with massage movements all over the face and leave for a couple of minutes. Using water, form foam on your face and rinse. Wipe your face with anti-inflammatory toner and apply cream. Use 1-2 times a week.
• azeloin cream: Apply onto clean skin once a day. After 4 weeks, the effect will be noticeable, which will remain with constant use of the product.
• Daily acne cream: Apply daily with massage movements to cleansed and lotioned facial skin. Use until the problem is completely eliminated.

• Shower gel: beat into foam on a damp palm, massage your face and rinse with water. Use in the evening, for very oily skin and in the morning. Use toner and cream.
• Shower gel: massage every evening onto damp body skin with or without a washcloth. Rinse off with plenty of running water.
• Detox mask: spread over a clean face in a three-millimeter layer. Leave for 8-10 minutes. Wash with warm water. Use salicylic lotion and acne cream. Can be used 2-3 times a week.
• Salicylic lotion: Wipe your face with a cotton pad in the morning and evening after washing and before applying the cream.
• Chatterbox: Wash, use toner and apply only to inflamed areas with acne. Shake the bottle before use.
• Applicator: remove the film, apply it to a cleansed face and rubbed with lotion on the problem area and smooth it out. Carry out the procedure in the evening, leave the applicator until the morning. Repeat as many times as necessary for the pimple to disappear.
• Nose strips: clean your face, do not wipe off the water. The surface of the nose should be wet. If there is insufficient humidity, the strip will not stick. Remove the strip from the film, stick it on the nose and smooth it out. After 10-20 minutes, remove from the wings of the nose to the center. Use a pore tightening product.

Video: How to get rid of rashes in a week

Price

Average price for this cosmetics:

• gel for washing with cincidon 120 rub.;
• 3 in 1 product costs 160 rubles;
• salicylic lotion 70 RUR;
• salicylic suspension mash 130 RUR;
• detox mask for acne RUR 130;
• cream-sos 180 RUR;
• azeloin cream RUR 270;
• shower gel 130 RUR;
• strips for blackheads RUB 150;
• daily cream 140 rub.

Low cost and noticeable efficiency attracts a large number of people.

Photo: Before and after

Acne propeller skincare products effectively cope with acne, inflammation, blackheads, and excess sebum secretion.

Suitable for caring for oily and problematic skin. Spot treatments fight individual pimples and are convenient for dry skin. If you choose the right cosmetics, good results are guaranteed.

During flight, the plane constantly overcomes air resistance. This work is performed by its power plant, consisting of either a piston internal combustion engine and a propeller, or a jet engine. We will briefly talk only about the propeller.

Each of us has been familiar with a propeller since childhood.

In villages, children often install a two-bladed windmill on the gate, which rotates so quickly in the wind that its blades merge into a continuous circle. Chickenpox is the simplest screw. If you place such a screw on the axle, twist it tightly between your palms and release it, it will fly upward with a hum.

An airplane propeller is mounted on the engine shaft. When the propeller rotates, the blades attack the air at a certain angle of attack and throw it back, due to which, as if pushing off the air, they tend to move forward. Thus, when rotating, the propeller develops an aerodynamic force directed along the axis of the propeller. This force pulls the plane forward and is therefore called thrust.

A propeller can have two, three or four blades. The profile (section) of the blade is similar to the profile of the wing.

In the work of creating thrust force, the pitch of the propeller and the angle of the blade to the plane of rotation play an important role.

The pitch of a propeller is the distance that the propeller would have to travel in one full revolution if it were screwed into the air like a bolt into a nut. In reality, when an airplane flies, the propeller moves a slightly shorter distance due to the low air density.

The greater the pitch of the propeller is, the greater the angle of installation of the blade to the plane of rotation (Fig. 17, a).

Thus, a propeller with a large blade angle “steps” faster than a propeller with a small blade angle (just as a bolt with a large thread is screwed into a nut faster than a bolt with a small thread). Therefore, a propeller with a large pitch is needed for high flight speed, and a propeller with a small pitch is needed for low speed.

The operation of a propeller blade is similar to that of a wing. But the movement of the screw is more complicated. Unlike a wing, the propeller blades not only move forward in flight, but also rotate. These movements add up, and therefore the propeller blades move in flight along a certain helical line (Fig. 17, b). Let's see how the thrust force of a propeller arises.

To do this, we select a small element on each blade, limited by two sections (Fig. 17, a). It can be considered a small wing, which in flight moves along a helical line, running into the air at a certain angle of attack. Consequently, the blade element, like an airplane wing, will create an aerodynamic force R. We can decompose this force into two forces - parallel to the propeller axis and perpendicular to it. Force,

Directed forward will be the thrust force of the blade element, while the second, small force directed against the rotation of the propeller will be the braking force.

The elementary thrust forces of both blades in total will give the thrust force T of the entire propeller, as if adjusted to its axis. The braking forces are overcome by the engine.

The thrust of the propeller greatly depends on the flight speed. As speed increases, it decreases. Why does this happen and what does it mean for flight?

When the plane is on the ground and the power plant is running, the propeller blades have only one speed - peripheral speed (Fig. 17, a). This means that air flows onto the blade in the direction of arrow B, shown in the plane of rotation of the propeller. The angle between this arrow and the chord of the blade profile will obviously be the angle of attack. As we can see, in still air it is equal to the angle of installation of the blade to the plane of rotation. It turns out differently in flight, when, in addition to rotational motion, the propeller also moves forward (together with the aircraft).

In flight, these movements add up, and as a result, the blade moves along a helical line (Fig. 17, b). Therefore, the air flows onto the blade in the direction of arrow B1, and the angle between it and the profile chord will be the angle of attack. You see that the angle of attack has become less than the angle of installation. And the higher the flight speed, the smaller the angles of attack of the blades will become, and therefore the lower the thrust force will become (at a constant number of propeller revolutions).

This disadvantage is especially inherent in a simple propeller, in which the angle of installation of the blades, and thus the pitch of the propeller, cannot be changed in flight (a simple propeller also has other disadvantages). The variable pitch propeller is much more advanced (Fig. 18). Thanks to a special bushing design, such a propeller changes its pitch without the participation of the pilot. When the pilot reduces the flight speed, the propeller pitch immediately decreases, but when the pilot increases the speed, the propeller increases the pitch.

The popular brand “Propeller” offers customers anti-acne cosmetics. The developments of Russian specialists appealed to people with problematic epidermis.

Innovative products are suitable for the treatment and prevention of acne. Regular use will tidy up the skin and cleanse the epidermis of unsightly rashes. Take a closer look at the popular Russian cosmetics “Propeller” for acne!

general information

What is different about the products of the Folk Crafts company? Who are popular cosmetics suitable for?

Helpful information:

• gels, creams, lotions, acne strips Propeller can be used not only by young people. The products are suitable for everyone who suffers from acne, increased greasiness of the epidermis, the presence of open comedones, and enlarged pores;
• The products contain unique components and complexes that actively influence the processes occurring on the surface and in the depths of the epidermis. Among them are Zincidone, ANTI-SEBIUM acids, BIO-salicylate, titanium oxide, active zinc, betaine, octopirox, panthenol, essential oils, and other beneficial substances;
• buyers can easily select the product they are interested in from one of three lines of cosmetics created to combat a specific problem. Each line features many innovative products for face and body care.

Note! The manufacturer has included many innovative components in the products that carefully care for the skin. Among the know-how are non-toxic silver chloride, squalane, anti-acne components, antibacterial complex ZnPCA.

Benefits and effects on the skin

Many Russians have already used Propeller acne products.

Active products have many advantages:

• a wide selection of cosmetics - from gels, cleansing foams to unique strips, applicators for blackheads;
• active impact on problem areas;
• the presence of active components, including plant extracts;
• no side effects;
• the series even contains a moisturizing foundation that does not clog pores;
• a noticeable effect appears quite quickly;
• products are certified. The quality is confirmed by the International Quality Association.

Important! The acne series is recommended even for pregnant women. Expectant mothers know how often pustules appear on the face and body due to hormonal imbalance. It is difficult to find a cosmetic hypoallergenic acne treatment that does not harm the baby. Propeller cosmetics will help out even in such a situation.

Effect on the skin

Highly active agents:

• stop the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, harmful propionobacteria;
• urea and salicylic acid dry out the epidermis;
• Thanks to the action of the sulfur-containing complex, the activity of the sebaceous glands gradually decreases.

• oily shine goes away;
• with regular use, the pores remain clean and narrow well;
• keratolytic activity (exfoliation) of cells increases;
• the surface is quickly cleared of dead particles of the epidermis;
• the relief and color of the skin improves.

Find out all about treatment methods with folk remedies and modern methods.

Read the page for details about the causes of acne on the temples in women and men.

Main lines of Propeller cosmetics for problem skin

The products are divided into three lines. Think about what problem bothers you most, select cosmetic products from the right line.

"Aerobatics of cleanliness"

Direction:

• decreased activity of the sebaceous glands;
• fight against blackheads and enlarged pores.

• acne, various rashes, inflammation are no longer present;
• pores are enlarged;
• Large black dots remained on the face, worsening the appearance.

"Acne Fighter"

Effect on the skin:

• rapid relief of inflammation;
• active destruction of bacteria.

Result:

• dead cells are removed;
• pores are cleaned;
• the number of rashes decreases;
• Even persistent acne on the chin gradually disappears.

"Care and protection against acne"

The name of the line accurately conveys the effect of cosmetics. For problematic epidermis prone to rashes, a cream with a light texture is recommended:

• night;
• day;
• moisturizing;
• tonal.

The formulations are enriched with unique ingredients that prevent the appearance of pimples. The products are suitable for daily use.

Review of popular products and instructions for use

The assortment of cosmetics Propeller for combating rashes - more than thirty items. What's missing here! Scrubs, creams, lotions, an active applicator, gels for face and body, foam, a unique 3 in 1 product (mask + scrub + gel), acne mash and many other useful ingredients.

Select several items for comprehensive care. There will definitely be a result!

Lotion Propeller for blackheads

The product contains active ingredients:

• horse chestnut extract;
• Eucalyptus oil;
• nettle extract;
• unique ANTI-SEBIUM acids.

Means:

• reduces the greasiness of the epidermis;
• cleanses the skin of blackheads and sweat secretions;
• normalizes the functioning of the sebaceous glands;
• kills acne-causing bacteria.

Result:

• clean, fresh skin;
• There are no black spots or oily shine.

Instructions:

• wet the cotton pad well;
• Wipe your face along the massage lines.

Volume – 200 ml. Price – 210 rubles.

Important! Treat your face morning and evening. In hot weather, remove oily shine as needed, no more than 3-4 times during the day.

Scrub Propeller

Acne Fighter line. Thick mass with white and blue splashes:

• penetrates deeply into pores;
• actively draws out fat, dirt, removes dead particles of the epidermis;
• refreshes, tones.

Instructions:

• moisturize your face;
• gently apply the gel scrub;
• With light movements, wipe the areas where blackheads accumulate;
• rinse with plenty of cool water.

Not everyone likes the smell of the medicine. The composition cleanses the epidermis well. They don't need to remove makeup.

Volume – 100 ml. Price – 285 rubles.

Nose strips

Choose your option:

• classic;
• with green tea;
• with activated carbon.

Quantity – 6 pieces in individual packaging. Price – 320 rubles.

Innovative product:

• opens clogged pores;
• dissolves sebaceous secretions and absorbs them;
• when removing the strip from the nose, it takes with it all the secretions that have accumulated in the pores.

Result:

• black dots disappear;
• pores become narrower.

Instructions:

• Clean your nose thoroughly and moisten it with water;
• take out the strip, carefully remove the film;
• apply to the surface of the nose, smooth it, press down well;
• after 15–20 minutes, without sudden movements, remove the strip, starting from the wings of the nose;
• After the procedure, wash your face with a pore-tightening gel or apply a light fluid.

Anti-acne wash gel

The concentrated product contains the active ANTI-ACNE complex with cincidone and D-panthenol. Regular use cleanses the skin, gives freshness and health.

Volume – 150 ml. Price – 220 rubles.

Action on the skin:

• fights acne;
• reduces inflammation;
• kills propionobacteria;
• reduces the amount of sebum;
• softens;
• moisturizes;
• prevents the reappearance of ulcers.

Instructions:

• wet your face with water;
• apply a little gentle jelly-like mass, massage lightly;
• wash your face and completely remove the gel.

SOS cream with cincidon

Ideal for local use. A concentrated, white-based product that acts quickly and effectively.

Volume – 50 ml. Price – 290 rubles.

Beneficial features:

• prevents the appearance of acne and pimples;
• reduces inflammation, redness;
• limits the secretion of sebaceous secretions;
• dries out the epidermis;
• heals acne marks.

Instructions:

• Apply the cream precisely to problem areas;
• do not rub the skin, lightly beat in the gentle mass;
• Remove the remaining cream with a napkin or wash your face.

Advice! Apply spot treatment to affected areas an hour before bedtime. The complex with zinc oxide will be active throughout the night.

Salicylic acne powder

It copes well with acne thanks to its rich composition:

• lactulose prevents the formation of new ulcers;
• bio-salicylate from willow bark extract and salicylic acid kills microbes and actively exfoliates unnecessary particles;
• zinc reduces inflammation, quickly dries, fights post-acne, and restores damaged skin.

Instructions:

• shake the suspension;
• wash your face, wipe your skin;
• distribute the mash on problem areas;
• do not treat healthy epidermis.

Volume – 25 ml. Price – 225 rubles.

Important! Be careful not to get the suspension into your eyes. Check to see if there are any allergies to individual components.

Foundation for problem skin “Matifying effect”

The unique formula allows the composition to adapt to the color of your skin. The light textured mass contains an antibacterial complex.

Volume – 20 ml. Price – 255 rubles.

Action:

• evens out skin tone;
• heals the epidermis.

• the composition is almost not felt on the face;
• a light remedy does not turn into a mask.

Instructions:

• cleanse your face;
• Using your fingertips or a sponge, distribute the cream along the massage lines.

A bladed propeller of an aircraft, also known as a propeller or a blade machine, which is driven into rotation by the operation of the engine. With the help of a screw, torque from the engine is converted into thrust.

The propeller acts as a propulsion device in such aircraft as airplanes, gyroplanes, gyroplanes, snowmobiles, hovercraft, ekranoplanes, as well as helicopters with turboprop and piston engines. For each of these machines, the screw can perform different functions. In airplanes it is used as a main rotor, which creates thrust, and in helicopters it provides lifting and taxiing.

All aircraft propellers are divided into two main types: variable-pitch and fixed-pitch propellers. Depending on the design of the aircraft, the propellers can provide push or pull thrust.

As the propeller blades rotate, they capture air and throw it in the opposite direction of flight. A low pressure is created in the front of the propeller, and a high pressure area behind. The rejected air acquires a radial and circumferential direction, due to this, part of the energy that is supplied to the propeller is lost. The very swirl of the air flow reduces the streamlining of the device. Agricultural aircraft operating in fields have poor uniformity of chemical dispersion due to the flow from the propeller. A similar problem is solved in devices that have a coaxial screw arrangement; in this case, compensation occurs through the operation of the rear screw, which rotates in the opposite direction. Similar propellers are installed on aircraft such as the An-22, Tu-142 and Tu-95.

Technical parameters of blade propellers

The most significant characteristics of the propellers, on which the thrust force and the flight itself depend, are, of course, the pitch of the propeller and its diameter. Pitch is the distance a propeller can move when screwed into the air in one full revolution. Until the 1930s, propellers with a constant pitch of rotation were used. Only in the late 1930s were almost all aircraft equipped with propellers with variable pitch rotation

Screw parameters:

The diameter of the propeller circumference is the size that the tips of the blades describe as they rotate.

The propeller's gait is the actual distance covered by the propeller in one revolution. This characteristic depends on the speed and revolutions.

The geometric pitch of a propeller is the distance that the propeller could travel in a solid environment in one revolution. It differs from the movement of a propeller in the air by the sliding of the blades in the air.

The angle of location and installation of the propeller blades is the inclination of the blade section to the real plane of rotation. Due to the presence of twist of the blades, the angle of rotation is measured along the section, in most cases this is 2/3 of the entire length of the blade.

The propeller blades have a leading - cutting - and trailing edge. The cross-section of the blades has a wing-type profile. The profile of the blades has a chord, which has a relative curvature and thickness. To increase the strength of the propeller blades, a chord is used, which has a thickening towards the propeller root. The section chords are in different planes, since the blade is made twisted.

The propeller pitch is the main characteristic of the propeller; it primarily depends on the angle of the blades. Pitch is measured in units of distance traveled per revolution. The larger the pitch the propeller makes per revolution, the greater the volume discarded by the blade. In turn, an increase in pitch leads to additional loads on the power plant, and accordingly, the number of revolutions decreases. Modern aircraft have the ability to change the pitch of the blades without stopping the engine.

Advantages and disadvantages of propellers

The efficiency of propellers on modern aircraft reaches 86%, which makes them in demand in the aircraft industry. It should also be noted that turboprops are much more economical than jet aircraft. Still, screws have some limitations both in operation and in design.

One of these limitations is the “locking effect”, which occurs when the diameter of the screw increases or when the number of revolutions is added, and the thrust, in turn, remains at the same level. This is explained by the fact that areas with supersonic or transonic air flows appear on the propeller blades. It is this effect that does not allow aircraft with propellers to reach speeds higher than 700 km/h. At the moment, the fastest vehicle with propellers is the domestic model of the Tu-95 long-range bomber, which can reach a speed of 920 km/h.

Another disadvantage of propellers is their high noise level, which is regulated by global ICAO standards. The noise from the propellers does not meet noise standards.

Modern developments and the future of aircraft propellers

Technology and experience allow designers to overcome some of the noise problems and increase thrust beyond the limitations.

Thus, it was possible to avoid the locking effect due to the use of a powerful turboprop engine of the NK-12 type, which transmits power to two coaxial propellers. Their rotation in different directions made it possible to bypass locking and increase traction.

Thin saber-shaped blades are also used on the propellers, which have the ability to prolong the crisis. This allows you to achieve higher speeds. This type of propeller is installed on the An-70 type aircraft.

Currently, development is underway to create supersonic propellers. Despite the fact that the design has been going on for a very long time with considerable cash injections, it has not been possible to achieve a positive result. They have a very complex and precise shape, which greatly complicates the calculations of designers. Some off-the-shelf supersonic propellers have been shown to be very noisy.

Enclosing the propeller in a ring - an impeller - is a promising direction of development, since it reduces the tip flow around the blades and the noise level. This also improved safety. There are some aircraft with fans that have the same design as the impeller, but are additionally equipped with an air flow direction device. This significantly increases the efficiency of the propeller and engine.

I think you already know that the rotation of the propeller somehow affects the position of the aircraft in space, that this influence is usually undesirable and something needs to be done about it. Usually, the reason for this effect is called “propeller torque,” ​​but something about “tail blowing” is often added. Sometimes the “gimlet rule” is also mentioned - although this, in my opinion, is completely beyond good and evil. :) And the cadets usually nod and pretend that they understand everything.

If you are one of those who already understand everything, do not linger on this page. For the rest, I will try to explain this somehow more clearly, in layman's terms.

IMPORTANT: the propeller rotates immediately four effects of different nature, affecting the position of the aircraft in space. Two of them are more visible on the ground, and the other two are more visible in the air. Here they are:

1. Screw torque
2. Blowing the vertical tail
3. Propeller thrust asymmetry
4. Gyroscopic moment (precession)

Screw torque (Torque)- this is the reaction of the aircraft to the spinning of its own propeller. Newton's third law in action. We unscrew the screw in one direction, and in retaliation it “spins” us in the opposite direction. Fortunately, we are heavier and always win. But we still tilt a little.

It is not difficult for people who have dealt with car engines to remember that when the gas is suddenly applied, the engine, which was previously idling, noticeably deviates to the side on its elastic cushions. The engine of an airplane that has been given takeoff mode does the same thing, and its reaction is transmitted to the fuselage. Only in an airplane this effect is enhanced both by the mass of the propeller and by the significant resistance of the air disturbed by it.

Rice. 1: Screw torque (Torque)

How does this reaction torque affect the direction of the aircraft? Most of all, its influence is noticeable not in the air, but on the ground, at the moment of taking off. The plane rolls a little, which leads to uneven compression of the tires, and this, in turn, contributes to the pull towards the more loaded wheel. That's all.

Blowing the vertical tail (Slipstream)- this is the second and much more significant reason for the aircraft to pull to the side during the take-off run. This is why “the Cessna pulls to the left during takeoff” (one of the real search queries that brought someone to my site). Russian Yaks, by the way, are pulled to the right, because their propeller rotates in the other direction.

Why is this happening? Yes, everything is very simple. You probably noticed that the plane as a whole is a rather symmetrical thing? Symmetrical fuselage, two identical wings and a symmetrical horizontal stabilizer. But there is one element that stands out for its asymmetry - this is the vertical stabilizer, sticking out only upward. Actually, it could be symmetrical: this does not harm aerodynamics, but takeoff and landing characteristics deteriorate. Such a plane would touch the ground with its tail during takeoff and landing. It is clear that this is no good, so there is always only one vertical stabilizer (with rudder), on top.

At the same time, the air thrown back to the tail by the propeller does not move in a straight line, but is strongly twisted, rotating AROUND the aircraft. One part of this air “presses” on the vertical stabilizer, deflecting the tail to the side, and the other part flies freely under the tail from below. It is this pressure difference on the vertical stabilizer that ensures that the aircraft moves to the side.

Rice. 2: Blowing the vertical tail (Slipstream)

It goes without saying that the more thrust the engine develops, the more air is thrown back and the greater the impact on the vertical stabilizer. This is exactly what happens during takeoff, when thrust is at its maximum. Even worse, at low airspeed in the first stage of the takeoff run, the effectiveness of the rudder is still very small, and to correct the aircraft's drift, you have to press the pedal almost all the way. As the take-off speed increases, the steering efficiency increases and the pedal pressure is gradually weakened.

It is also important to ease the pressure on the pedal in another case: when the plane is still leveling in the air and setting the throttle to low leads to a sudden disappearance of the effect of blowing on the vertical stabilizer. If this is not done, the plane will swerve to the side at this very inopportune moment. Sometimes, especially when landing with crosswinds, you even have to put the opposite foot down to avoid touching the runway with a side load on the landing gear. But this cannot be done purely mechanically: pressing the pedal should be exactly enough so that the axis of the aircraft becomes parallel to the axis of the runway - and nothing more.

Since the influence of the vertical tail airflow is combined with the influence of the propeller torque (see above), these effects are often confused or only one of them is mentioned: “airflow” or “moment”. However, technically, these are two different effects.

Asymmetry of propeller thrust. This effect is more noticeable the greater the pitching angle of the aircraft. Climbing after takeoff is the best example of this situation. In this case, the asymmetry of thrust always leads to a strong slip of the aircraft and requires increased attention and active resistance from the pilot.

Why does this effect occur? After all, a propeller is symmetrical? Here I may have to dispel someone's misconception about the movement of an airplane in climb. People usually forget that the “relative wind” is not always parallel to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. In fact, when climbing, the plane does not fly “nose forward”, but rather “belly forward”. This happens both because of the large angle of attack at low airspeed, and because the thrust vector in the set is always directed slightly upward in order to pull the plane “uphill”.

Rice. 3. The reason for the asymmetry of the propeller thrust

In this case, it always turns out that the downward propeller blade has a greater angle of attack than the upward one. If it's hard for you to imagine, then just believe that it is so.

Since the angles of attack of the blades are different, the thrust developed by the blades is also different. As a result, the plane veers to the side, or rather, it slides and flies sideways, which is potentially dangerous at a high angle of attack in the climb. Here you need to pay attention and put pressure on the pedal - there is no other way out.

When switching to horizontal flight, the pressure on the pedal must be eased, since the asymmetry of the propeller thrust in this mode is significantly reduced. It may even disappear completely if the axis of rotation of the propeller completely coincides with the direction of the relative wind. The latter is quite possible in a real flight, because the wing is usually installed at some angle to the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. Those. the plane can fly absolutely horizontally (and with symmetrical thrust), and the angle of attack of the wing will be, say, 3 degrees, which is enough to maintain horizontal flight.

Rice. 4: Absolutely symmetrical thrust as a special case

Gyroscopic moment or precession- probably the most difficult to understand, but nevertheless the most interesting physical phenomenon. Essentially, a propeller is the largest gyroscope installed on an airplane. All the laws that gyroscopes obey are applicable to it, in particular precession. Every time you try to deflect the gyroscope axis in any plane, the gyroscope tends to independently deflect in another plane perpendicular to the first. The problem is that it is completely impossible to remember in which direction in the second plane the gyroscope is trying to deviate. :)

To understand the essence of the process from the explanation given in the Soviet “Practical Aerodynamics”, I had to read it ten times. But since I still can’t write a better explanation, I’ll give it in full, take heart:

Rice. 5: Towards an explanation of the gyroscopic action of the left-hand rotation propeller on the Yak-52 and Yak-55 aircraft

“Let us assume that the mass of the left-hand rotating propeller of the Yak-52 and Yak-55 aircraft is concentrated in two weights 1 and 2 (Fig. 5).

At the moment when the propeller was in a vertical position, the pilot tilted the control stick towards himself, which led to the aircraft cowling being raised relative to the horizon. Raising the hood of the aircraft will lead to the emergence of a velocity of the loads and relative to the transverse Z axis, in addition to the already existing peripheral velocity relative to the longitudinal X axis.

When the loads take a horizontal position, by inertia they will tend to maintain the acquired speed even when the hood is raised relative to the horizon. As a result of the action of these load velocities (directed in opposite directions - load 1′ back, load 2′ forward) a moment arises called gyroscopic moment of the Mu.gyr propeller , under its influence the plane begins to turn to the left (with a left-hand rotating propeller).”

What is good about the Western school is that it can simply and in a simple manner explain to everyone, even complete idiots, things that in Russia baffle the far from stupid students of the Moscow Aviation Institute. So here’s a bourgeois picture to help you:

Rice. 6: Gyroscopic effect of an airplane propeller

But the Soviet school always gets to the bottom of the smallest details - and here it is! An excellent diagram (view from the cockpit) to help the pilot remember exactly in which direction the gyroscopic effect will act as the cowl position changes:

Rice. 7: Gyroscopic action of a left-hand rotation propeller on the Yak-52 and Yak-55 aircraft

“The reaction of the aircraft that occurs when the rudders are deflected due to the action of the gyroscopic moment of the propeller depends on the direction of movement of the aircraft cowling (Fig. 7).

Thus, the direction of movement of the aircraft cowling relative to the horizon under the action of the gyroscopic moment of the propeller is found by moving it 90° around the axis of the propeller in the direction of rotation.”

That, in fact, is all the wisdom. Just remember: the diagram above is a view from the cockpit, not a front view of the aircraft. And keep in mind that in Cessna and other Western aircraft, the propeller rotates in the other direction, which means that the plane will move in the opposite direction, “in the direction of rotation.”

The gyroscopic moment, as well as the asymmetry of the propeller thrust, is a rather unpleasant thing. It is especially problematic in turns, when the axis of rotation of the propeller continuously deviates for a long time. On the Yak-18T, for example, in a right turn the plane always throws up 20 meters, and in a left turn it always loses altitude. Also, the gyroscopic moment is very noticeable on aircraft with a tail wheel, where during the take-off run it is necessary to first lift the tail off the ground by moving the control wheel away from you. The axis of rotation of the propeller deviates at a very large angle, and this is where the plane wobbles to the side. Not the best moment, it should be noted. Fortunately, aircraft with nose struts do not have this feature. However, in the air, a sudden change in pitch can lead to a strong slide - be careful!

Well... I hope that we have figured out the influence of the propeller on the behavior of a single-engine aircraft. I will tell you separately about the features of a multi-engine aircraft over time.