Types of predicate and ways of expressing it. Types of predicates in Russian with examples

Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.

The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.

1. Simple verb predicate.

This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:

He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).

Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).

He lost his temper (phraseologism).

They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.

He wants to enroll in the Institute.

I'm long could not with them meet.

You must study.

He was looking to have fun.

I was unable to think about it.

Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Compound nominal predicate.

Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.

Weather was good.

The book is true Friend.

He has character harder become.

Grass beveled.

Evening quiet.

Error was obvious.

Two by two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

blog.site, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the original source is required.

1. Simple verb predicate.

He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).

Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).

He lost his temper (phraseologism).

They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

He wants to enroll in the Institute.

I'm long could not with them meet.

You must study.

He was looking to have fun.

I was unable to think about it.

Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Compound nominal predicate.

Weather was good.

The book is true Friend.

He has character harder become.

Grass beveled.

Evening quiet.

Error was obvious.

Two by two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

website, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the source is required.

The predicate is an integral part of almost any sentence. Regardless of how it is expressed and whether it is expressed in principle, it defines the subject. This member of a sentence can denote both an action and some attribute of an object, answer various questions (from the banal and well-known “what did you do?” to the more difficult to perceive “which one?”). All this shows that there are different ways of expressing the predicate. So what are they, and what influences the division of predicates into different types?

Ways of expression

As you know, the ways of expressing the subject and predicate can be different. The first, for example, can be expressed:

noun or pronoun ( Man/He appeared);
infinitive ( Working is our direct responsibility);
phraseological unit (Augean stables is the most accurate definition of this room) and so on.

The same can be said about the predicate. Limiting this member of the sentence to only a verb would be a huge mistake. It can be represented:

noun ( Knowledge is power);
numeral ( Three times five is fifteen);
adjective, and even in comparative form ( Beneath him is a stream of lighter azure);
and verbs in all their manifestations - in different moods and types, verbs in combination with particles, infinitives, and so on.

That is, in principle, it is already clear that the diversity here is colossal. The table below will help you better imagine the ways of expressing the predicate:

Ways to express the verb predicate
Simple verb	Compound verb	Compound nominal
Infinitive Phraseologism Interjection	Auxiliary verb + inf		Nominal part
Infinitive Phraseologism Interjection	Verb of the beginning and end of an action Verbs of intention, will, desire Verbs of emotions Impersonal verbs Short adjectives Nouns Possible/not possible Phraseologism	Lexically weakened verb	Noun Adjective Pronoun Phraseologism Numeral, number combinations Participle Interjection

Simple verb predicate

Let's start, perhaps, with the first type. The simple verb predicate is probably the most common. It is expressed by verbs in any form, namely:

Simple verb predicate - nuances

There are certain nuances here. Very often, the future tense of the indicative mood is not perceived as a simple verbal predicate - it also consists of two words. But this would be the same mistake as not considering PGS (this is how the name of this type of predicate is abbreviated) as a verb in combination with a particle.

Another controversial point is the distinction between a phraseological unit (although it would be more accurate to say here - a non-free phrase) and a compound nominal predicate. The first is easily replaced by a single verb ( We were given an order - We were ordered. Why did you hang your head? - Why are you sad?), while with a compound nominal predicate such a trick will not work, the only thing is that you can replace the linking verb with the word “was” ( He sat sad - He was sad).

Compound verb predicate

Let's move on to the next type of predicate - a compound verb. Here everything is as simple as in the simple one - there is an auxiliary verb, and an infinitive is adjacent to it ( He wanted to study). The only nuance in this case is the clear highlighting of this very auxiliary verb, because it can be represented not only by it:

Phrasal verbs of the beginning and end of an action ( Stopped bickering / Started taking action)
Modal verbs of intention, ability, will, desire ( We were going to visit. I can run. I wish to be free. I want to escape)
Verbs of emotions (Afraid of falling in love. Hates lying)
Some impersonal verbs ( Worth noting. Something to think about)
Short adjectives, the full form of which is either completely absent or has a different meaning ( Nice to meet you. It's great to invent. We are free to choose)
Some nouns ( Master of lying. Woman who likes to walk)
It is possible and it is not possible ( You can note. It is impossible not to recognize b)
Phraseologism ( Eager to come)

Methods of expressing the predicate with examples are the best way to understand this, albeit not very confusing, but still voluminous topic. The main thing in a compound nominal predicate is to understand the mechanism of its formation. This is a verb (or something that replaces it) plus an infinitive. Believe this formula and you will succeed.

Compound nominal predicate

We continue to study ways of expressing the predicate with the compound nominal predicate - the least favorite among schoolchildren. Its unpopularity is due to the fact that sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish it from a simple verbal predicate. But first things first.

Verb linkage

A compound nominal predicate includes two parts - a verbal connective and a nominal part. Separately, it should be noted that if we are talking about the present tense, then the verb connective can be omitted ( He is beautiful). The verb connective is most often represented:

Yes, sometimes it is very difficult to identify an independent predicate with secondary members. A short test “Ways of expressing a predicate” will help us understand at least a little about this difficult topic.

What's the point of wandering around here! - It’s pointless to wander through the parks.
Lie motionless on the hill. - How long can you lie here?!
He could live as an ascetic, wanting nothing. - How are you going to live here?

These sentences present different ways of expressing the predicate, try to figure out what types of predicate are presented in each sentence.

Nominal part

We continue the topic “Compound nominal predicate” by studying its nominal part. It can be expressed:

Noun ( Was an actress)
The adjective in all its forms - short and full, degrees of comparison ( We are very glad to see you. Perfect voice).
Communion in all its forms - also short and full and also passive and active (K nothing has been read. Young man reading)
Pronoun ( The sky is yours)
By a numeral name and any combination with numbers (Seven five - thirty-five. The height of the building is two hundred meters)
Adverb ( I'm a little bit like her)
Interjection ( Your thoughts are on guard!)
Phraseologism and non-free phrases ( His soul is a sealed secret for me)

As you can see, the ways of expressing the predicate vary enormously - if there is really nothing to remember in a simple verb, then you will have to tinker with a compound nominal. But with the proper desire, everything will be fine.

Conclusion

Ways of expressing the subject and predicate are the topic of long and detailed scientific lectures. The most important thing in all this is to realize that the main members of a sentence are expressed can be different parts of speech, sometimes not even single, that they can have different types and sometimes at first glance it is very, very difficult to understand what is in front of you. The only teacher here is practice, and in addition, a table that can be constantly supplemented with examples will help you understand the ways of expressing the predicate.

TYPES AND WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE PREDICATE

SIMPLE VERB

PREDICATE

COMPOUND VERB PREDICATE

Auxiliary +

COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE

Linking verb + nominal part

1. Indicative verb in the form of past, present and future tenses ( I'M READING, I'M READING, I WILL BE READING):

I still have a long time I will sing .

1. An auxiliary verb that means START, DURATION or END of action ( started, began, continued, stopped, finished, etc.):

Girl stopped crying.

INFINITIVE

1. Linking verb BE in one of the moods (usually absent in the present tense):

Water it was warm.

1. Noun, adjective, participle, pronoun in Im.p. or TV.p.:

Nastya - bride brother

Night it was warm.

2. Verb in the conditional form (WOULD READ):

I'm a wolf would gnaw it out short-termism.

2. An auxiliary verb denoting the DESIRABILITY, POSSIBILITY, NECESSITY of an action ( wanted, could, cannot, etc.):

He I wanted to make it in time to the concert.

2. Linking verbs BECOME, BECOME, DO, BE, CONSIDERED, APPEAR, CALLED, REPRESENT, REPRESENT and etc.:

Days become shorter.

2. Status words:

To me it was sad.

3. Verb in the imperative mood (READ (TE)):

Sow reasonable, good, eternal.

3. An auxiliary verb denoting an EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF AN ACTION ( love, hate, etc.):

3. Verbs of MOTION or STATE (come, arrive, return, sit, stand, etc.):

Mother I came tired.

3. Short adjective or short passive participle:

We were young Then.

4. The verb TO BE with the meaning of presence, existence:

At dawn was fog.

4. Short adjective MUST, HAPPY, READY, etc. + linking verb BE in one of the moods:

We We were happy to help.

4. Auxiliary verb + infinitive of linking verbs TO BE, BECOME, etc.

I I want to be a teacher.

4. Forms of indirect cases of creatures:

He has a scar from saber blow.

5. Phraseologism in which there is a conjugated form of the verb:

He's easy found a common language with everyone.

5. Status words with meaning DESIRABILITIES, OPPORTUNITIES, NEEDS (necessary, necessary, necessary, possible, impossible):

Need to study language, need to expand your vocabulary.

5. Linking verb + short adjective + infinitive:

I I would be glad to become a teacher.

5. Whole phrase:

Gurov was considered one of the most experienced divers.

6. Status words, expressing an emotional assessment of an action ( sad, fun, pleasant, bitter, disgusting and etc.):

On hot summer days good to wander in a birch grove.

6. Phraseologism:

He was a jack of all trades.

If the subject is expressed by a collective noun (youth, students), then the predicate is put in the singular: “The youth is singing a song of friendship.”

A simple verb is generally expressed by a verb in all its forms, including the future tense of imperfective verbs. For example: “My sister sings in the choir”; “The letter arrived on time”; “We will insist on our own”; “Please, would you eat some soup.”

In all of these verbs: “sings”, “came”, “we will insist”, “would eat” - are a simple verbal predicate.

Predicate compound

In a compound nominal predicate, the nominal part can be expressed by a noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun, as well as a short and full participle.

A compound nominal predicate consists of 2 parts - the connective and the nominal part. Verbs act as connectives, which by themselves cannot convey the entirety of the message. They indicate only (time, person, number, gender).

a) to be in the role of a connective in a compound nominal predicate has lost its lexical meaning and carries only grammatical information. For example: “He was an athlete.” Here, in the predicate “was an athlete,” the copula “was” indicates (past tense, singular, m.r.). And in “Your daughter will be famous” (future time, 3rd sheet, singular).

b) the verbs “to become”, “to become”, “to seem”, “to appear”, “to be considered”, “to appear” have not completely lost their lexical meaning, but cannot be used without a nominal part. For example, in the sentence “The children have become adults,” the compound nominal predicate is “they have become adults.” Here the connective “steel” without a nominal part is not used by “adults”.

c) the verbs “come”, “return”, “stand”, “sit” have a full lexical meaning, in some contexts they can play the role of a connective, since the main meaning is transferred to the nominal part. For example, in the sentence “He came late,” the verb “came” is a simple verbal predicate. And in the sentence “He came tired” - the compound nominal predicate “came tired.” In this sentence, the main lexical meaning of what is reported about the subject is expressed by the nominal part.

The next type of predicate is a compound verbal predicate. It also consists of 2 parts: a copula and an infinitive. The connective in this type of predicate also does not contain all the information about the subject, since it calls:

a) phases of action (beginning, continuation, end). For example: “The children stopped telling stories and started playing.” This sentence has 2 compound verbal predicates: “they stopped telling”, “they started playing”.

b) ability, readiness for action, emotional state. “Science can captivate a person who is trying to understand the world.” It is not enough to construct a sentence to say: “Science can...”. An infinitive is needed to express the basic lexical meaning of the predicate. The infinitive (infinitive form of the verb) “to captivate” conveys the main meaning of the compound verbal predicate.

A compound predicate is a combination of the components of a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate. For example, in the sentence “She knows how to seem modest, if necessary,” the complex predicate “knows how to seem modest.” Here, only in aggregate do all parts of a complex predicate provide the necessary information about the subject.