Repair

Engineering graphics. A guide to making working drawings based on a general view drawing

Discipline engineering graphics is usually studied at universities
1st or 2nd year, depending on the specialization and form of study.
The content of engineering graphics assignments may be different,
depends on the specific specialty and course you are studying. Typical engineering graphics work is:

  • drawing dimensions and maximum deviations;
  • construction of the third type of part in the drawing according to two given ones;
  • sections, sections, local views;
  • axonometric projections (isometry and dimetry);
  • preparation of specifications, detailing, assembly drawings;
  • making sketches of parts.

And also other works.

Engineering graphics - execution of drawings

We offer production of drawings on the subject of engineering graphics. Drawings are made in Compass and AutoCAD programs. Drawings can also be made by hand, on whatman paper or graph paper, depending on the requirements for the drawings. Drawings made on paper are sent by mail. Delivery times vary depending on your location.

The timing for the production of drawings according to engineering graphics depends on the method of execution (by hand or electronically), as well as the volume of work. The lead time for drawings in Compass and AutoCAD is naturally shorter than for drawings by hand. Therefore, if possible, order drawings electronically. They take less time to complete, and therefore the price will be lower than hand drawings. Nowadays, more and more often, universities allow the execution of drawings in the subject of engineering graphics in electronic form. But not everywhere and not always, so before placing an order for work, be sure to check with the teacher in what form the completed task can be provided.

All work on engineering graphics is carried out in accordance with GOST and ESKD.

Engineering graphics - prices for drawings, works

Prices for drawings for the subject of engineering graphics depend on the complexity and number of drawings. An approximate guide to the cost of work can be the sheet format. Submit your order using the form on the page. After which you will receive an answer indicating the cost of the work in a response letter. If the price suits you, you will confirm the order.

Examples of engineering drawings

This page contains just a few examples of engineering graphics drawings. More examples can be found in the section on the page.

Work on engineering graphics. The task was completed in the Compass program. A3 sheet format.
Exercise. Construction of a complex drawing of a part based on a visual image (axonometric projection). Making cuts. Applying dimensions.
Execution of the drawing. Above is a finished drawing based on engineering graphics. To enlarge, hover over it and click once.

. Assembly drawing of a sliding prism. The drawing was made in the AutoCAD program.

Gradually, the list of examples of engineering graphics drawings will increase.

Contacts .

1.1 Formats

Drawings are made on sheets of a certain format (size).

Sheet formats are determined by the dimensions of the outer drawing frame, drawn with a thin line.

According to GOST 2.301-68*, the dimensions of the main formats are obtained by sequentially dividing the A0 format, with side dimensions of 841x1189 mm, the area of ​​which is 1 m2, into two equal parts parallel to the smaller side (Figure 1.1). The number in the designation shows how many times this action was performed.

The designations and sizes of the main formats must correspond to those indicated in Table 1.

Table 1 - Main formats

Designation and dimensions of main formats
Format designation A0 A1 A2 A3 A4
Dimensions of format sides, mm 841x1189 594x841 420 x594 297 x420 210 x297

It is allowed to use additional formats formed by increasing the sides of the main formats by an amount that is a multiple of their sizes. In this case, the magnification factor must be an integer.

The sizes of derived formats, as a rule, should be selected from Table 2. The designation of the derived format is made up of the designation of the main format and its multiplicity according to the data in Table 2: for example, A0x2, A4x8, etc.

Table 2 - Additional formats

Designation and dimensions of additional formats
Multiplicity A0 A1 A2 A3 A4
2 1189*1682
3 1189*2523 841*1783 594*1261 420*891 297*630
4 841*2378 594*1682 420*1189 297*841
5 594*2102 420*1486 297*1051
6 420*1783 297*1261
7 420*2080 297*1471
8 297*1682
9 297*1892

1.2 Scale

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object in the drawing to the actual dimensions of this object.

The scale indicated in the designated column of the title block of the drawing should be indicated as 1:1, 2:1, etc., and in other cases - as (1:1), (1:2), (2 :1) etc. (Table 3).

According to GOST 2.302 - 68*, the scales of images in the drawings must be selected from the following row - Table 3.

Table 3- Scales

1.3 Lines

To depict objects in drawings, GOST 2.303 – 68* establishes the style, thickness and main purposes of lines in the drawing (Table 4).

Solid base line thickness S should be between 0,5 before 1.4 mm depending on the size and complexity of the image, as well as the format of the drawing. The thickness of lines of the same type should be the same for all images in a given drawing, drawn to the same scale.

The length of the strokes of the dashed lines should be approximately 10 times the thickness of the stroke, and the length of the strokes of the dash-dotted line is selected depending on the size of the image. The strokes in the line should be approximately the same length. The spaces between them should also be approximately the same. The dash-dot lines must intersect and end in dashes. Dot-dash lines used as center lines should be replaced with solid thin lines if the diameter of the circle or the size of other geometric shapes in the image is less than 12 mm.

Table 4 - Lines

Types of lines: purpose, style
Name Typeface Line thickness in relation to the main line thickness Main purpose
S Visible contour lines, visible transition lines, section contour lines.
From S/3 before S/2 Contour lines of an overlaid section, dimension and extension lines, hatch lines, leader lines, leader line flanges
From S/3 before S/2 Break lines, view and section demarcation lines
From S/3 before S/2 Invisible contour lines, invisible transition lines
From S/3 before S/2 Axial and center lines, section lines, which are axes of symmetry for superimposed or extended sections.
From S/2 before 2/3*S Lines indicating surfaces to be heat treated or coated
From S before 1.5*S Section lines
From S/3 before S/2 Long break lines
From S/3 before S/2 Fold lines on developments, lines for depicting parts of products in extreme or intermediate positions, lines for depicting a development combined with the view.

1.4 Title block

The drawing is drawn up with a frame, which is drawn as a solid main line at a distance of 5 mm from the right, bottom and top sides of the outer frame of the drawing. A 20 mm wide margin is left on the left side, which is used for filing and binding drawings (Figure 1.2).


The main inscription is placed in the lower right corner of the design documents. On A4 sheets the main inscription is placed along the short side of the sheet, on sheets of A3 and larger format it is allowed to place the main inscription along both the long and short sides of the sheet. The main inscriptions and additional columns to them are made with solid main and solid thin lines in accordance with GOST 2.303 - 68* (Figure 1.3).
The main inscription according to Form 1 is used in instrument and mechanical engineering drawings.
The main inscription according to Form 2 is used in specifications and other text documents - the first sheet, according to Form 3 - subsequent sheets.


form 1


form 2


form 2a

In the columns of the main inscription indicate:

  • in column 1 - name of the product;
  • in column 2 - designation of the document;
  • in column 3 - designation of the material of the part;
  • in column 4 - the letter assigned to this document;
  • in column 5 - the mass of the product;
  • in column 6 - scale;
  • in column 7 - the serial number of the sheet (on documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in);
  • in column 8 - the total number of sheets of the document (the column is filled out only on the first sheet);
  • in column 9 - the name of the enterprise issuing the document;
  • in column 10 - the functions of the performers are indicated: “Developed”, “Checked”;
  • in column 11 - the names of the persons who signed the document;
  • in column 12 - signatures of persons whose surnames are indicated in column 11;
  • in column 13 - date;
  • Columns 14-18 are filled in on production drawings.

1.5. Fonts

GOST 2.304-81* defines the style, dimensions and rules for making inscriptions on drawings and other design documents.

The inclination of letters and numbers to the base of the line should be about 75°.

Font size ( h)- a value equal to the height of capital letters in mm.

Capital letter height h measured perpendicular to the base of the line. The height of lowercase letters c is determined from the ratio of their heights (without branches k) to font size h, For example, с=7/10*h.

Letter width ( q)- the greatest width of a letter is determined in relation to the font size h, For example, q=6/10 h, or in relation to the line thickness of the font d, For example, q=6d.

Font line thickness ( d)- thickness, determined depending on the type and height of the font.

Auxiliary grid - a grid formed by auxiliary lines into which letters fit. The pitch of the auxiliary grid lines is determined depending on the thickness of the font lines d(Figure 1.4).

When preparing drawings and other design documents, it is recommended to use type B font with a slope of 75° ( d=1/10h) with the parameters given in Table 5.

Table 5 - Fonts

Font options
Font options Designation Relative size Dimensions
Font size - height of capital letters h (10/10)h 10d 1,8 2,5 3,5 5,0 7,0 10,0 14,0 20,0
Height of lowercase letters c (7/10)h 7d 1,3 1,8 2,5 3,5 5,0 7,0 10,0 14,0
Letter spacing a (2/10)h 2d 0,35 0,5 0,7 1,0 1,4 2,0 2,8 4,0
Minimum row pitch (height, auxiliary grid) b (17/10)h 17d 3,1 4,3 6,0 8,5 12,0 17,0 24,0 34,0
Minimum distance between words e (6/10)h 6d 1,1 1,5 2,1 3,0 4,2 6,0 8,4 12,0
Font line thickness d (1/10)h d 0,18 0,25 0,35 0,5 0,7 1,0 1,4 2,0

The following font sizes are set: (1.8); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40.

For questions regarding tutoring in engineering graphics (drawing), you can contact us in any way convenient for you in the section Contacts . Full-time and distance learning via Skype is possible: RUB 1,000/academic hour.

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

MOSCOW STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL AVIATION

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Department of Descriptive Geometry and Graphics

HE. Pachkoria, I.V. Podzey, N.N. Medvedeva, M.V. Semakova

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

GUIDE to making drawings of parts

according to the general view drawing of the assembly unit

for first year students of specialty 131000, 130300, 201300, 330500

full-time education

Moscow - 2003

general view drawing of the assembly unit. – M.: MSTU GA, 2003. – 68 p. This manual is published in accordance with the curriculum for first-year students of specialties 130300, 131000, 201300, 330500 full-time study. Reviewed and approved at department meetings on August 28, 2003. and methodological council 09/23/03.

Editor I.V. Vilkova

Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation

125993 Moscow, Kronstadtsky Boulevard, 20

Editorial and publishing department

125493 Moscow, st. Pulkovskaya, 6a

© Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, 2003

1. Basic provisions

IN training course in engineering graphics, making drawings of a part based on a general view drawing of an assembly unit is called detailing. In an engineering graphics course, detailing is the culminating activity of the discipline. Detailing can be successfully performed only on the basis of knowledge of the projection method, familiarity with structures and drawings (sketches) of real machine parts, and the features of making a general view drawing of an assembly unit, studied earlier in the engineering graphics course. .

TO Design documents for any created product include graphic and text documents that, individually or collectively, determine the composition and structure of the product and contain the necessary data for its design or manufacture, control, operation and repair.

The individual assignment that the student receives consists of a drawing of the general view of the product and a table of components placed on one sheet with an image of the product. Based on this drawing, it is necessary to make drawings of the specified parts. Instead of general view drawings, it is possible to use educational assembly drawings.

The skills acquired by students in the process of making working drawings of parts are necessary for them in the future when completing coursework and diploma projects.

Purpose of work: acquiring knowledge and skills in reading a drawing of an assembly unit and making drawings of parts.

2. Contents of the working drawing of the part

Working drawing of the part is a design document containing an image of the part and other data necessary for its manufacture and control.

The working drawing must contain:

a minimum but sufficient number of images (views, sections, sections, extensions) that fully reveal the shape of the part

required dimensions with their maximum deviations

surface roughness

information about material, heat treatment, coating, finishing

technical requirements

3. Basic requirements for the execution of drawings of parts

The basic requirements for the execution of drawings of parts are established by GOST 2.109-73:

1. Each detail drawing is performed in a separate format according to GOST 2.301-68

2. The drawing must contain the main inscription, which is located in the lower right corner of each format according to GOST 2.104-68 (form 1). For all formats,

With the exception of A4 format, the main inscription can be located either along the long or short side. On A4 format, the main inscription should be placed only along the short side (Fig. 115-117). The designation of the drawing is applied in font No. 10. The name of the part and its material is written in the nominative singular case, starting with the noun, for example, “Gear wheel” (Fig. 116).

3. In the drawings, symbols are used (lines, signs, letters and alphanumeric designations) established by state standards. GOST 2.303-68, GOS 2.304-81, GOST 2.307-68

4. Material grades are designated in accordance with the designations assigned to them in the standards

5. The image scale is chosen in accordance with GOST 2.302-68

6. Dimensions are indicated according to State Standards 2.307-68

In the working drawing, the part is depicted with the dimensions and parameters that it should have before assembly. Based on such drawings, the entire technological process of manufacturing a part is developed and technological maps are drawn up, on which the part is depicted in intermediate stages of manufacturing.

Working drawings must be graphically designed in accordance with the requirements of the ESKD. On educational working drawings in the Engineering Graphics course, students do not indicate:

surface roughness

designation of maximum deviations of the shape and location of surfaces

When manufacturing an assembly unit, individual parts are connected to each other using assembly operations.

4. Reading the general view drawing.

Let's remember the basic definitions.

A part is a product made from a material of the same name and brand, without the use of assembly operations, for example: a roller made of one piece of metal; welded tube from one piece of sheet material.

Parts are divided into original; original, but containing standardized elements, and standard.

Assembly unit is a product whose components are to be connected to each other at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations (screwing, joining, riveting, welding, soldering, crimping, flaring, gluing, etc.).

General view drawing (code VO) defines the design of the product, the interaction of its components and explains the principle of operation of the product (compiled, as a rule, during the development of preliminary and technical designs).

Assembly drawing (code SB) contains an image of the assembly unit and other data necessary for its assembly and control.

Before you begin making working drawings of parts, you must read the general view drawing.

1. Familiarization with the content of the title block to determine: product name, image scale, artist, etc.

2. Establishing the purpose and principle of operation of the product, its technical characteristics and operating requirements according to the documents attached to the drawing (in training drawings such documents are shown in the field of the general view drawing).

3. Determination according to the specification of the quantity and name of original, standardized and purchased parts included in the product.

4. General familiarization with images of the product and establishment of the number and variety of images (views, sections, sections, extensions, connections of views with sections, etc.), determination of the positions of the cutting planes with the help of which the cuts and sections are made. Attention is drawn to the inscriptions and symbols above the images.

5. Clarification of overall, installation, installation, characteristic and reference dimensions marked on the drawing.

6. Establishing the nature of the interaction of the component parts of the product, its functional features and relationships with other products, as well as the nature of the connections (detachable or permanent).

7. Studying the shape and position of a specific part. Determination of its number in the assembly unit, comparison with the position number assigned to the part according to the specification. When studying the shape and position of a specific part, the overall design of the assembly unit and the projection relationship of the images should be taken into account.

8. Finding out how the part is made.

4.1. Features of reading a general view drawing

It is very difficult to determine the design of an assembly unit from a general drawing without a complete analysis of the configuration of each of its parts. In a general view drawing, the parts are shown connected and partially covering each other. In Fig. 1, a. shows a fragment of an assembly unit, which includes a part of the “Clamp” type. In Fig. 1,b is a drawing of the “Clamp” part.

When reading a general view drawing of an assembly unit, it is necessary to analyze all the images on it, i.e. find images of the same thing in different images

And the same detail. This can be done using the following principles:

Existing projection connection on all sections and sections between images

Hatching for one part has the same parameters (inclination and hatching pitch)

Another feature of reading a general view drawing is the presence in it of simplifications for some elements of the parts. However, when performing working drawings of these parts, they

the design must be fully reflected without simplifications, for example, technological thread elements, Fig. 2 and fig. 3

On the general drawing

On working drawings of parts

ñ" 45Å

4.1.1. Some conventions and simplifications in assembly drawings

1. It is allowed not to show on assembly drawings:

chamfers, fillets, roundings, grooves, recesses, protrusions, knurls, notches, braids and other small elements; rice. 6-8.

gaps between the rod and the hole; rice. 8

covers, shields, casings, partitions, etc., if it is necessary to show the components of the product covered by them. In this case, an appropriate inscription is made above the image, for example, “Cover pos. 3 not shown”;

patterned curved transition lines, replacing them with circular arcs or straight lines;

visible components of products or their elements located behind the mesh, as well as partially covered by components located in front;

2. Products made from transparent material are depicted as opaque. It is allowed to depict components of products and their elements located behind transparent objects as visible, for example, scales, instrument needles, etc..3. 3. Products located behind the helical spring, depicted only by the sections of the coils, are depicted up to the zone that conventionally covers these products and is defined by the axial lines of the sections of the coils, Fig. 6

3. In cases where there is no need to depict individual fasteners or their connections in accordance with the relevant standards on assembly drawings, they are depicted simplified or conventionally according to GOST 2.315-68., fig. 4, 8, 101, 102, 104.

4. If the product shown in the assembly drawing has several similar connections, for example, with bolts or studs, then in the views and sections these connections are made conditionally or simplified only in one or two places of each connection, and the rest - in the form of axial and center lines.

5. A welded, soldered, glued product made of a homogeneous material assembled with other products in sections and sections is hatched in one direction, depicting the boundaries between the parts of the product with solid main lines. It is allowed not to show the boundaries between parts, depicting the structure as a monolithic body.

Rice. 4 Figure 5, 6 shows an example of a training assembly drawing with a specification, and

Figure 7 shows the elements of parts that are made on working drawings without simplifications: chamfers, grooves (without an extension element and with an extension element). Particular attention should be paid to the equality of the associated dimensions of the parts.

Assembly units

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Stefanika Ivanovo State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering Ivanovo State Medical Academy Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy Ivanovo State University Ivanovo State Chemical-Technological University Ivanovo State Energy University named after. IN AND. Lenin Textile Institute IvSPU Moscow Regional Institute of Management and Law Izhevsk State Medical Academy Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy Izhevsk State Technical University named after. M. T. Kalashnikova Kama Institute of Humanitarian and Engineering Technologies Udmurt State University Udmurt Republican Social Pedagogical College Izmail College of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture Baikal State University Irkutsk State Agrarian University named after. A.A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Linguistic University Irkutsk State Medical University Irkutsk State University Irkutsk State University of Transport Irkutsk National Research Technical University Pedagogical Institute (branch of ISU) Siberian Academy of Law, Economics and Management Institute of Law (branch of ISU) National University of State Tax Service of Ukraine Mari State University Interregional Open Social Institute Interregional Center for Continuous Professional Education Volga State Technological University Academy of Social Education Institute of Social and Humanitarian Knowledge Institute of Economics and Finance KFU Institute of Economics, Management and Law Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after. N.E. Bauman Kazan State Conservatory (Academy) named after. N. G. Zhiganova Kazan State Agrarian University Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Kazan State Medical University Kazan State University of Culture and Arts Kazan State Energy University Kazan Cooperative Institute (branch of RUK) Kazan National Research Technical University named after. A. N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technological University Kazan Federal University Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism Tatar State Humanitarian Pedagogical University TISBI University of Management Kalacheevsky Agricultural College Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet Baltic Information College Baltic Federal University. I. Kant Kaliningrad State Technical University St. Petersburg University of Service and Economics (Kaliningrad branch) Kaluga State University. K. E. Tsiolkovsky Kaluga branch of RANEPA Kamenets-Podolsk National University named after. I. Ogienko Podolsk State Agrarian-Technical University Kamyshin Technological Institute (branch of Volga State Technical University) Karaganda State Medical University Karaganda State Technical University Karaganda State University named after. E. A. Buketova Karaganda Bolashak University Karaganda Economic University Suleiman Demirel University Kemerovo State Medical University (formerly. Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute Kemerovo State University Kemerovo State University of Culture and Arts Kemerovo Technological Institute of Food Industry Kuzbass State Technical University Kuzbass Institute of Economics and Law Kerch State Marine Technological University State University of Telecommunications State Economics and Technology University of Transport European University of Finance, Information Systems, management and business Kiev State Academy of Water Transport named after. Konashevich-Sagaidachny Kiev Medical University UANM Kiev National Linguistic University Kiev National Trade and Economic University Kiev National University named after. T. Shevchenko Kiev National University of Culture and Arts Kiev National University of Construction and Architecture Kiev National University of Theater, Film and Television named after. I. K. Karpenko-Kary Kiev National University of Technology and Design Kiev National Economic University named after. V. Getman Kiev Slavic University Kiev University named after. B. Grinchenko Kiev University of Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kiev University of Tourism, Economics and Law International Scientific and Technical University named after. Yu. Bugaya Interregional Academy of Personnel Management National Academy of Internal Affairs of Ukraine National Academy of Management Personnel of Culture and Arts National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit National Academy of Management National Music Academy of Ukraine named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky National Aviation University National Medical University named after. A.A. Bogomolets National Pedagogical University named after. M.P. Dragomanova National Technical University of Ukraine "Kiev Polytechnic Institute" National Transport University National University "Kiev-Mohyla Academy" National University of Bioresources and Natural Resources National University of Food Technologies National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine Open International University of Human Development Ukraine Ukrainian State University of Finance and International Trade Samara State Agricultural Academy Volga-Vyatka Institute (branch of MSAL) Vyatka State Agricultural Academy Vyatka State Humanitarian University Vyatka State University Vyatka Socio-Economic Institute Moscow Financial and Law University Kirov branch Kirovograd Flight Academy of the National Aviation University Kirovograd State Pedagogical University named after. V. Vinnichenko Kirovograd Institute of Regional Management and Economics Kirovograd National Technical University State Agrarian University of Moldova State University of Medicine and Pharmacology named after. Nicolae Testemitanu International Independent University of Moldova Kovrov State Technological Academy named after. V.A. Degtyarev Kolomna Institute branch of MSMU Moscow State Regional Social and Humanitarian Institute Amur Humanitarian and Pedagogical State University Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University Konotop Institute SumSU Financial and Technological Academy Kostanay State University named after. Akhmet Baitursynov Kostroma State Technological University Kostroma State University named after. ON THE. Nekrasova Donbass State Engineering Academy Donbass National Academy of Construction and Architecture Donetsk National Technical University Krasnoarmeysk Industrial Institute DonNTU Krasnodar State University of Culture and Arts Kuban State Agrarian University Kuban State Medical University Kuban State Technological University Kuban State University Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism Kuban socio-economic institute Modern Humanitarian Academy Humanitarian Institute SFU Engineering and Construction Institute SFU Institute of Architecture and Design SFU Institute of Mining, Geology and Geotechnology SFU Institute of Natural Sciences and Humanities SFU Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics SFU Institute of Space and Information Technologies SFU Institute of Oil and Gas SFU Institute of Pedagogy, Psychology and Sociology SFU Institute of Business Process Management and Economics SFU Institute of Philology and Language Communication SFU Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology SFU Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science SFU Institute of Economics, Management and Natural Resources SFU Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Music and Theater Krasnoyarsk State Architectural Institute -Construction Academy Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after. V.P. Astafiev Krasnoyarsk Institute of Railway Transport, branch of IrGUPS Polytechnic Institute Siberian Federal University Siberian State Technological University Siberian State University of Science and Technology. Academician M.F. Reshetnev Siberian Institute of Business, Management and Psychology Siberian Interregional Training Center Siberian Federal University Trade and Economics Institute SFU Institute of Law SFU Kremenchug National University named after. M. Ostrogradsky Krivoy Rog State Pedagogical University Krivoy Rog National University Krivoy Rog Economic Institute KNEU named after. V. Getman Aviation Technical College Kurgan State Agricultural Academy named after. T. S. Maltseva Kurgan State University Kursk State Agricultural Academy named after. Ave. I.I. Ivanova Kursk State Medical University Kursk Institute of Social Education Regional Financial and Economic Institute Southwestern State University Tuva State University Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute (branch of Siberian Federal University) Lipetsk State Pedagogical University Lipetsk State Technical University Luga Institute (branch of Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin) Lugansk State Academy of Culture and Arts Lugansk State Medical University Lugansk State University of Internal Affairs named after. E.A. Didorenko Lugansk State University named after. Vladimir Dahl Lugansk National Agrarian University Lugansk National University named after. Taras Shevchenko Eastern European National University named after. Lesya Ukrainka Lutsk National Technical University Lvov Commercial Academy Lvov National Academy of Arts Lvov State University of Internal Affairs Lvov State University of Physical Culture Lvov Institute of Economics and Tourism Lvov National Agrarian University Lvov National Medical University named after. D. Galitsky Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after. S.Z. Grzhitsky Lviv National University. I. Franko National University Lviv Polytechnic Russian Customs Academy North-Eastern State University Ingush State University Magnitogorsk State Technical University named after. G.I. Nosov Magnitogorsk Medical College named after. P.F. Nadezhdina Azov Maritime Institute Odessa National Maritime Academy Donetsk State University of Management Mariupol State University Priazov State Technical University Dagestan State Medical Academy Dagestan State Pedagogical University Dagestan State Technical University Dagestan State University Melitopol State Pedagogical University named after. B. Khmelnitsky Tauride State Agrotechnological University Belarusian State Academy of Arts Belarusian State Academy of Music Belarusian State Academy of Communications Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University Belarusian State Medical University Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after. M. Tanka Belarusian State Technological University Belarusian State University Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts Belarusian State University of Physical Culture Belarusian State Economic University Belarusian National Technical University Institute of Information Technologies BSUIR Institute of Border Guard Service of the Republic of Belarus Institute of Modern Knowledge named after. A.M. Shirokov International State Ecological University named after. A. D. Sakharova International University MITSO Minsk State Higher Radio Engineering College Minsk State Polytechnic College Minsk Innovation University Minusinsk College of Culture and Art Mikhailovsky Technical School. A. Merzlova Belarusian-Russian University Mogilev State University named after. A. A. Kuleshova Mogilev State University of Food Mozyr State Pedagogical University named after. I.P. Shamyakin [Files without university] Academic International Institute Academic Law Institute Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia Academy of Standardization, Metrology and Certification Academy of Labor and Social Relations of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Air Force Engineering Academy named after. Ave. N.E. Zhukovsky All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation All-Russian State University of Cinematography named after. S.A. Gerasimov "VGIK" Higher Theater School (Institute) named after. M. S. Shchepkina GAPOU College of Entrepreneurship No. 11 State Academy of Slavic Culture State Classical Academy named after. Maimonides State Academic University of Humanities State Institute of Russian Language named after. A.S. Pushkin State University of Land Management State University of Management Humanitarian Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting named after. M.A. Litovchina Institute of Regenerative Medicine Institute of Humanitarian Education and Information Technologies Institute of Journalism and Literary Creativity Institute of International Law and Economics named after. A.S. Griboyedova Institute of Postgraduate Professional Education FMBTS (research center) Institute of Market Economics, Social Policy and Law Institute of Textile and Light Industry MSUTU Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Institute of Management and Law Institute of Economics and Culture College of Urban Planning and Service No. 38 College of Multi-Level Professional Education RANEPA Literary Institute named after. A.M. Gorky Medical Institute of Continuing Education Medical College No. 1 International Academy of Business and Management International Institute of Economics and Law International Law Institute MIREA - Russian Technological University Moscow Academy of Astrology Moscow Academy of Entrepreneurship under the Government of Moscow Moscow Academy of Economics and Law Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after. K.I. Scriabin Moscow State Academy of Water Transport Moscow State Academy of Utilities and Construction Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture Moscow State Conservatory. P.I. Tchaikovsky Moscow State Academy of Arts and Industry named after. S. G. Stroganova Moscow Humanitarian and Technical Academy Moscow Academy of Finance and Law Moscow Aviation Institute (national research university) Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University Moscow Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering Moscow Architectural Institute (state academy) Moscow Banking Institute Moscow Mining Institute (branch NUST MISiS) Moscow City Pedagogical University Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University Moscow City University of Management of the Moscow Government Moscow State Agricultural Engineering University named after. V.P. Goryachkina Moscow State University for the Humanities and Economics Moscow State University for the Humanities. M.A. Sholokhov Moscow State Industrial University Moscow State Institute of Tourism Industry named after. Yu.A. Senkevich Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics (Technical University) Moscow State College of Information Technologies Moscow State Linguistic University Moscow State Mechanical Engineering University "MAMI" Moscow State Medical and Dental University. A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State Regional University Moscow State Open University named after. V. S. Chernomyrdin Moscow State University of Civil Aviation Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation Moscow State Technical University named after. N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technological University "Stankin" Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography Moscow State University of Design and Technology Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University of Engineering Ecology Moscow State University of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (MGIMO) Moscow State University of Printing Arts. I. Fedorova Moscow State University of Food Production Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Informatics Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering Moscow State University of Transport Moscow State University of Technology and Management named after. K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies named after. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics (MESI) Moscow State Law University named after. O.E. Kutafin Moscow Humanitarian-Economic Institute Moscow Humanitarian Institute named after. E.R. Dashkova Moscow University for the Humanities Moscow Publishing and Printing College named after. I. Fedorova Moscow Institute of Public Administration and Law Moscow Institute of Entrepreneurship and Law Moscow Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting "Ostankino" Moscow International University Moscow New Law Institute Moscow Educational Complex named after. V. Talalikhin Moscow Pedagogical State University Moscow Psychological and Social University Moscow Socio-Economic Institute Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics Moscow Technological Institute "VTU" Moscow University. S.Yu. Witte (formerly Moscow Institute of Economics, Management and Law) Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. V.Ya. Kikotya Moscow Financial and Industrial University Synergy Moscow Art and Industry Institute Moscow Economic Institute Musical-Pedagogical State Institute named after. MM. Ippolitova-Ivanova National Institute of Business National Research Technological University "MISiS" National Research University "Higher School of Economics" National Research University "MIET" National Research University "MPEI" National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI) Open University of Israel in the CIS Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sports of the Moscow City Pedagogical University First Moscow State Medical University named after. THEM. Sechenov Polytechnic College named after P.A. Ovchinnikova Orthodox St. Tikhon's Humanitarian University Russian Academy of Music named after. Gnessins Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation Russian International Academy of Tourism Russian Open Academy of Transport MIIT Russian State Agrarian University MCHA named after. Timiryazev Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after. S. Ordzhonikidze Russian State Humanitarian University Russian State Social University Russian State Technological University named after. K.E. Tsiolkovsky (MATI) Russian State Trade and Economic University Russian State University named after A.N. Kosygina Russian State University of Innovative Technologies and Entrepreneurship Russian State University of Oil and Gas named after. THEM. Gubkina Russian State University of Justice Russian State University of Tourism and Service Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTSOLIFK) Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov Russian New University Russian Peoples' Friendship University Russian University of Theater Arts Russian Chemical Engineering -Technological University named after. DI. Mendeleev Russian Economic University. G.V. Plekhanov Capital Financial and Humanitarian Academy Theater Institute named after. B.V. Shchukin at the State Academic Theater named after. E. Vakhtangov University of Russian Innovative Education University of the Russian Academy of Education Federal Institute for Advanced Studies and Retraining Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation School-Studio (Institute) named after. Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. A. P. Chekhov Mukachevo State University International Institute of Business Education Murmansk State Humanitarian University Moscow State Forest University Moscow Altshul Cooperative College Russian University of Cooperation Kama State Engineering and Economic Academy Naberezhnye Chelny State Trade and Technological Institute Naberezhnye Chelny Institute KFU Naberezhnye Chelny Institute of Social and Pedagogical Technologies and resources Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after. H. Berbekova Nanjing University of Science and Technology (Nanjing University of Science and Technology) Nezhin State University named after. N. Gogol Nemeshaevsky Agrotechnical College Nizhnevartovsk State University Nizhnekamsk Chemical-Technological Institute Kazan State Technological University Volga State Academy of Water Transport Nizhny Novgorod State Conservatory named after. M.I. Glinka Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy Nizhny Novgorod Law Academy Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Nizhny Novgorod State Engineering and Economic University Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University named after. ON THE. Dobrolyubov Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after. K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod State University named after. N.I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management and Business Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management RANEPA (VVAGS) Privolzhsky Research Medical University (formerly Nizhny State Medical Academy) Nizhny Tagil State Social Pedagogical Institute (branch of RGPPU) Nizhny Tagil Technological Institute (branch of UrFU) National University of Shipbuilding named after. adm. Makarov Nikolaev National Agrarian University Nikolaev National University named after. V.A. Sukhomlinsky Black Sea State University named after. Peter Mogila Novgorod State University named after. Yaroslav the Wise Novovolyn Electromechanical College Novokuznetsk Institute (branch of KemSU) Siberian State Industrial University State Maritime University named after. Admiral F. F. Ushakov Institute of Catalysis named after. G.K. Boreskov Novosibirsk State Conservatory named after. M.I. Glinka Novosibirsk State Agrarian University Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Novosibirsk State Medical University Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University Novosibirsk State Technical University Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Arts (formerly NGAHA) Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management Novosibirsk Medical College Novosibirsk Law Institute (branch of TSU) Siberian Academy of Finance and Banking Siberian State University of Water Transport Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies Siberian State University of Transport Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics Siberian Institute of Management RANEPA (SibAGS) Siberian University of Consumer Cooperation South Russian State Technical University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute) (SRSTU (NPI)) Obninsk Humanitarian Institute Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Energy NRNU MEPhI Kursk College of Culture National University Odessa Maritime Academy (formerly ONMA) National University Odessa Law Academy Odessa State Academy of Construction and Architecture Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies Odessa National Academy of Communications named after. A.S. Popov Odessa State Agrarian University Odessa State Ecological University Odessa State Economic University Odessa Corporate Computer College Odessa National Medical University Odessa National Maritime University Odessa National Polytechnic University Odessa National University. I.I. Mechnikov Odessa Regional Basic Medical School South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after. K.D. Ushinsky Ozyorsk Technological Institute Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Omsk State Agrarian University named after. P. A. Stolypina Omsk State Institute of Service Omsk State Medical University Omsk State Pedagogical University Omsk State Technical University Omsk State University named after. F.M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University of Transport Omsk Economic Institute Omsk Law Institute Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports State University - educational, scientific and production complex (formerly Orel State Technical University) Medical Institute of Oryol State University Oryol State Institute of Arts and Culture Orel State Institute of Economics and Trade Oryol branch of RANEPA Orenburg State Agrarian University Orenburg State Institute of Management Orenburg State Medical University Orenburg State Pedagogical University Orenburg State University Orenburg Institute (branch of Moscow State Law Academy Kutafina) Orsk Humanitarian-Technological Institute (branch of OSU) Orsk Medical College GBPOU Ostashkov College Osh Technological University named after. acad. MM. Adysheva Innovative Eurasian University Pavlodar State Pedagogical University Pavlodar State University named after. S. Toraigyrov Pedagogical Institute named after. V. G. Belinsky Penza State University Penza State Agricultural Academy Penza State Technological University Penza State University Penza State University of Architecture and Construction Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky State Pedagogical University named after. G.S. Skovoroda West Ural Institute of Economics and Law Perm State Academy of Art and Culture Perm State Agricultural Academy named after. D.N. Pryanishnikova Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy Perm State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University Perm State Medical University named after. ak. E.A. Wagner Perm State National Research University Perm Humanitarian-Technological Institute Perm Institute of Economics and Finance Perm National Research Polytechnic University Karelian State Pedagogical Academy Petrozavodsk State Conservatory named after. A.K. Glazunov Petrozavodsk State University North Kazakhstan State University named after. M. Kozybaeva Kamchatka State Technical University Pinsk State Vocational Technical College of Mechanical Engineering Polesie State University Poltava State Agrarian Academy Poltava National Pedagogical University named after. V. G. Korolenko Poltava National Technical University. Yu. Kondratyuk Poltava University of Economics and Trade Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy Pskov Agrotechnical College Pskov State University Leningrad State University named after. A.S. Pushkin St. Petersburg State Agrarian University Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University Pyatigorsk State Technological University Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute (branch of Volga State Medical University) North Caucasus Institute RANEPA (SKAGS) Rezhev Polytechnic School International Economics and Humanities University. S. Demyanchuk National University of Water Management and Environmental Management Rivne State Humanitarian University Rogachev State Pedagogical College Academy of Architecture and Arts of the Southern Federal University Don State Agrarian University Don State Technical University Institute of Service and Tourism (branch of DSTU) Institute of Management, Business and Law Rostov State Conservatory . S. V. Rachmaninova Rostov State Medical University Rostov State University of Transport Rostov State Economic University "RINH" Rostov Institute for the Protection of Entrepreneurs Rostov Law Institute (branch of the RPA MU) Southern Federal University Rybinsk State Aviation Technical University named after. P. A. Solovyov Rybinsk River School named after. IN AND. Kalashnikov Rybnitsa Branch of the Transnistrian State University named after T.G. Shevchenko Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after. P.A. Kostychev Ryazan State Medical University named after. acad. I.P. Pavlova Ryazan State Radio Engineering University Ryazan State University named after. S.A. Yesenin Medical University "REAVIZ" Volga Region State Social and Humanitarian Academy Volga Region State University of Telecommunications and Informatics Samara Academy of State and Municipal Administration Samara State Academy of Culture and Arts Samara Humanitarian Academy Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Samara State Medical University Samara State Technical University Samara State University Ways of Communication Samara State Economic University Samara Institute - Higher School of Privatization and Entrepreneurship Samara National Research University named after. ak. S.P. Korolev (formerly SSAU, SamSU) Samarkand State Medical Institute Academy of Russian Ballet named after. AND I. Vaganova Academy of Urban Environment Management, Urban Planning and Press Baltic Academy of Tourism and Entrepreneurship Baltic State Technical University "VOENMEH" named after. D.F. Ustinova Baltic Humanitarian Institute Baltic Institute of Ecology, Politics and Law Military Academy of Communications named after. CM. Budyonny Military Space Academy named after. A.F. Mozhaisky Military Medical Academy named after. CM. Kirov East European Institute of Psychoanalysis State Polar Academy State University of Sea and River Fleet named after. S.O. Makarov Institute of Special Pedagogy and Psychology named after. R. Wallenberg Institute of Television, Business and Design International Institute of Psychology and Management National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after. P.F. Lesgafta National Mineral Resources University "Mining" National Open Institute of Russia First St. Petersburg State Medical University named after. I.P. Pavlov St. Petersburg State Transport University named after. Emperor Alexander I Russian State Hydrometeorological University Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine St. Petersburg State Academy of Theater Arts St. Petersburg State Conservatory named after. ON THE. Rimsky-Korsakov St. Petersburg State Medical Academy named after. I.I. Mechnikov St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy St. Petersburg State Art and Industry Academy named after. A.L. Stieglitz St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work St. Petersburg State Forestry University named after. CM. Kirova St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University Institute of Mechanical Engineering St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University) St. Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers St. Petersburg State Trade and Economic University St. -Petersburg State University St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics St. Petersburg State University of Film and Television St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts St. Petersburg State University low-temperature and food technologies St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. prof. M.A. Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Technology and Design St. Petersburg State Economic University (formerly FINEK, INZHEKON) St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University "LETI" St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions St. Petersburg Institute of Foreign Economic Relations, Economics and Law St. -Petersburg Institute of Hospitality St. Petersburg Institute of Management and Law Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (formerly. SPbSPU) St. Petersburg University State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia St. Petersburg University Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia St. Petersburg University of Management and Economics St. Petersburg Law Institute of the Academy of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation St. Petersburg Institute of Humanitarian Education Northwestern State Correspondence Technical University Northwestern State Medical University them. I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Institute of Management RANEPA (SZAGS) Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute named after. M.E. Evseviev Mordovian State University named after. N. P. Ogarev Volga Region Institute of Management named after. P.A. Stolypin RANEPA (PAGS) Saratov State Conservatory named after. L. V. Sobinova Saratov State Law Academy Saratov State Agrarian University named after. N.I. Vavilov Saratov State Medical University named after. IN AND. Razumovsky Saratov State Technical University named after. Yu.A. Gagarin Saratov State University named after. N.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov Socio-Economic Institute REU named after. Plekhanov (formerly SGSEU) Sarov State Institute of Physics and Technology Sakhalin State University Sevastopol City Humanitarian University Sevastopol State University Sevastopol National University of Nuclear Energy and Industry Institute of Shipbuilding and Marine Arctic Technology (Sevmashvtuz) (branch of NArFU) East Ukrainian National University named after. V. Dalya Seversky Technological Institute NRNU MEPhI State University named after Shakarim of Semey Kazakh Humanitarian and Legal Innovation University Academy of Bioresources and Environmental Management Academy of Construction and Architecture (branch of KFU) Humanitarian and Pedagogical Academy (branch of KFU) Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University Crimean University of Culture and Arts and tourism Crimean Federal University named after. IN AND. Vernadsky Medical Academy named after. S.I. Georgievsky Simferopol University of Economics and Management Tauride Academy (branch of KFU) Tauride National University named after. IN AND. Vernadsky Donbass State Pedagogical University Smolensk State Agricultural Academy Smolensk State Institute of Arts Smolensk State Medical University Smolensk State University Smolensk Humanitarian University Sosnovsky Agro-Industrial College Sochi State University Sochi Institute of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia North Caucasus Humanitarian-Technical Institute North Caucasus Federal University Stavropol State Agrarian University University Stavropol State Medical University Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute Stary Oskol Technological Institute (branch of NUST MISiS) Stakhanov Educational and Scientific Institute of Mining and Educational Technologies Sterlitamak State Pedagogical Academy Muromtsevo Forestry Technical School Sumy State Pedagogical University named after. Makarenko Sumy State University Sumy National Agrarian University Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine Surgut State Pedagogical University Surgut State University Surgut Institute of Oil and Gas (branch of Tyumen Industrial University) Komi Republican Academy of Public Service and Management Syktyvkar State University. Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar Forestry Institute (branch of St. Petersburg GLTA) Engineering and Technology Academy of Southern Federal University Taganrog Institute named after. A.P. Chekhov Tambov State Technical University Tambov State University named after. G.R. Derzhavin Tambov College of Economics and Entrepreneurship Tambov branch of RANEPA (PAGS named after Stolypin) Taraz State University named after. M.H. Dulati Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry named after. A. Sadykova Tashkent State Dental Institute Tashkent University of Information Technologies Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology Tver State Agricultural Academy Tver State Medical University Tver State Technical University Tver State University Tver Institute of Ecology and Law Tver Medical College Ternopil State Medical University named after. AND I. Gorbachevsky Ternopil National Pedagogical University named after. V. Gnatyuk Ternopil National Technical University named after. I. Pulyuya Ternopil National Economic University Transnistrian State University named after. T.G. Shevchenko Tobolsk State Pedagogical Institute named after. DI. Mendeleev Volga University named after. V.N. Tatishcheva Volga Region State University of Service Tolyatti State University Siberian State Medical University Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Tomsk State Pedagogical University Tomsk State University Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics Tomsk Institute of Business Tomsk Polytechnic University Institute of Veterinary Medicine SUSU (formerly UGAVM) ) Tula State Pedagogical University named after. L.N. Tolstoy Tula State University International Kazakh-Turkish University named after. H. A. Yassawi State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals Tyumen State Academy of Culture, Arts and Social Technologies Tyumen State Academy of World Economy, Management and Law Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Tyumen State Medical University Tyumen State Oil and Gas University Tyumen State University Transcarpathian State University Uzhgorod National University East Siberian State Academy of Culture and Arts East Siberian State University of Technology and Management Institute of Aviation Technologies and Management (branch of Ulyanovsk State Technical University) Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy named after. P.A. Stolypin Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after. I. N. Ulyanova Ulyanovsk State Technical University Ulyanovsk State University Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation named after Chief Marshal of Aviation B.P. Bugaev Ulyanovsk Higher Aviation School of Civil Aviation Uman State Pedagogical University named after. P. Tychina Uman National University of Horticulture West Kazakhstan Agricultural-Technical University named after. Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan State University named after. M. Utemisov Usinsky Polytechnic College Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy Ussuri College of Technology and Management School of Pedagogy FEFU East Kazakhstan State Technical University named after. D. Serikbaev East Kazakhstan State University named after. S. Amanzholova Bashkir Academy of Public Service and Management under the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan Bashkir State Agrarian University Bashkir State Medical University Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after. M. Akmulla Bashkir State University Eastern Economic-Legal Humanitarian Academy Ufa State Academy of Arts named after. Z. Ismagilova Ufa State Aviation Technical University Ufa State Petroleum Technical University Ufa State University of Economics and Service Ukhta State Technical University Tyumen Industrial University Far Eastern State Humanitarian University Far Eastern State Medical University Far Eastern State University of Communications Far Eastern Institute of Management RANEPA (DVAGS) Far Eastern Law Institute MV D Russian Federation Pacific State University Khabarovsk State Institute of Arts and Culture Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law Khabarovsk Institute of Infocommunications (branch of SibGUTI) Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy Ugra State University National Aerospace University named after N. E. Zhukovsky National Technical University Kharkov Polytechnic Institute National Civil University Defense of Ukraine National Pharmaceutical University National Law University named after. 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Kotlyarevsky Kharkov National University of Radio Electronics Kharkov National University of Construction and Architecture Kharkov National Economic University named after. S. Kuznets Kharkov Patent and Computer College Kharkov Trade and Economic Institute (branch of KNTEU) Kherson State Maritime Academy Kherson State Agrarian University Kherson State University Kherson National Technical University Academy of Civil Defense EMERCOM of Russia Moscow State University of Culture and Arts Khmelnytsky National University Khmelnytsky University of Management and rights Khujand State University Tchaikovsky State Institute of Physical Culture Tchaikovsky Technological Institute (branch of IzhSTU) Cheboksary Cooperative Institute (branch of RUK) Chuvash State Agricultural Academy Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after. AND I. Yakovlev Chuvash State University named after. I.N. Ulyanova Russian-British Institute of Management Ural State University of Physical Culture Ural Socio-Economic Institute of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations FNPR Chelyabinsk State Agricultural Engineering Academy Chelyabinsk State Academy of Culture and Arts Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University Chelyabinsk State University Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law. M.V. Ladoshina Chelyabinsk branch of RANEPA (UrAGS Black Sea Fleet) Chelyabinsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation South Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (formerly ChelGMA) South Ural State University South Ural Institute of Management and Economics South Ural Professional Institute Sayano-Shushensky Branch of the Siberian Federal University Cheremkhovo Medical College Institute of Management and Information Technologies (branch of St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University) Cherepovets State University Cherkasy State Technological University Cherkasy Institute of Fire Safety named after Heroes of Chernobyl Cherkasy National University named after. B. Khmelnitsky Chernigov State Institute of Economics and Management Chernigov National Pedagogical University named after. T.G. Shevchenko Chernihiv National Technological University Bukovinian State Medical University Chernivtsi National University named after. Y. Fedkovich Chistopol branch "East" of the Kazan National Research Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev - KAI Transbaikal Agrarian Institute (branch of IrGSHA) Transbaikal State University Transbaikal Institute of Railway Transport, branch of IrGUPS Chita State Medical Academy Chita Institute of Baikal State University of Economics and Law Shadrinsk State Pedagogical Institute Institute of Service Sector and Entrepreneurship DSTU South Russian Humanitarian Institute Miras University South Kazakhstan Medical Academy South Kazakhstan State University named after. M. Auezova Kalmyk State University Engels Technological Institute Yurginsky Technological Institute Tomsk Polytechnic University North-Eastern Federal University named after. M.K. Ammosov International University of Business and New Technologies Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy Yaroslavl State Medical University Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after. K.D. Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Theater Institute Yaroslavl State Technical University Yaroslavl State University named after. P.G. Demidova

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1. Rules for drawing up drawings

1.1. The concept of ESKD standards. If each engineer or draftsman executed and designed drawings in his own way, without following the same rules, then such drawings would not be understandable to others. To avoid this, the USSR adopted and operates state standards of the Unified System of Design Documentation (ESKD).

ESKD standards are regulatory documents that establish uniform rules for the implementation and execution of design documents in all industries. Design documents include drawings of parts, assembly drawings, diagrams, some text documents, etc.

Standards are established not only for design documents, but also for certain types of products manufactured by our enterprises. State standards (GOST) are mandatory for all enterprises and individuals.

Each standard is assigned its own number along with the year of its registration.

The standards are revised from time to time. Changes in standards are associated with the development of industry and the improvement of engineering graphics.

For the first time in our country, standards for drawings were introduced in 1928 under the title “Drawings for all types of mechanical engineering.” Later they were replaced with new ones.

1.2. Formats. The main inscription of the drawing. Drawings and other design documents for industry and construction are performed on sheets of certain sizes.

For economical use of paper, ease of storage and use of drawings, the standard establishes certain sheet formats, which are outlined with a thin line. At school you will use a format whose sides measure 297X210 mm. It is designated A4.

Each drawing must have a frame that limits its field (Fig. 18). The frame lines are solid thick basic ones. They are carried out from above, to the right and below at a distance of 5 mm from the outer frame, made by a continuous thin line along which the sheets are cut. On the left side - at a distance of 20 mm from it. This strip is left for filing drawings.

Rice. 18. Design of A4 sheet

On the drawings, the main inscription is placed in the lower right corner (see Fig. 18). Its shape, size and content are established by the standard. On educational school drawings you will make the main inscription in the form of a rectangle with sides 22X145 mm (Fig. 19, a). A sample of the completed title block is shown in Figure 19, b.


Rice. 19. The main inscription of the educational drawing

Production drawings made on A4 sheets are placed only vertically, and the main inscription on them is only along the short side. On drawings of other formats, the title block can be placed along both the long and short sides.

As an exception, on educational drawings in A4 format, the main inscription is allowed to be placed both along the long and short sides of the sheet.

Before starting the drawing, the sheet is applied to the drawing board. To do this, attach it with one button, for example, in the upper left corner. Then a crossbar is placed on the board and the upper edge of the sheet is placed parallel to its edge, as shown in Figure 20. Pressing the sheet of paper to the board, attach it with buttons, first in the lower right corner, and then in the remaining corners.

Rice. 20. Preparing the sheet for work

The frame and columns of the main inscription are made with a solid thick line.

    What are the dimensions of an A4 sheet? At what distance from the outer frame should the drawing frame lines be drawn? Where is the title block placed on the drawing? Name its dimensions. Look at Figure 19 and list what information it contains.

1.3. Lines. When making drawings, lines of various thicknesses and styles are used. Each of them has its own purpose.


Rice. 21. Drawing lines

Figure 21 shows an image of a part called a roller. As you can see, the part drawing contains different lines. In order for the image to be clear to everyone, the state standard establishes the outline of lines and indicates their main purpose for all industrial and construction drawings. In technical and maintenance lessons you have already used various lines. Let's remember them.

In conclusion, the thickness of lines of the same type should be the same for all images in a given drawing.

Information about the drawing lines is given on the first flyleaf.

  1. What is the purpose of a solid thick main line?
  2. Which line is called a dashed line? Where is it used? How thick is this line?
  3. Where is the dash-dotted thin line used in the drawing? What is its thickness?
  4. In what cases is a solid thin line used in a drawing? How thick should it be?
  5. Which line shows the fold line on a development?

In Figure 23 you see an image of the part. Various lines are marked on it with numbers 1,2, etc. Make a table based on this example in your workbook and fill it out.



Rice. 23. Exercise task

EXAMPLE No. 1

Prepare a sheet of A4 drawing paper. Draw the frame and columns of the main inscription according to the dimensions indicated in Figure 19. Draw various lines, as shown in Figure 24. You can choose another arrangement of groups of lines on the sheet.


Rice. 24. example No. 1

The main inscription can be placed both along the short and along the long side of the sheet.

1.4. Drawing fonts. Sizes of letters and numbers of a drawing font. All inscriptions on the drawings must be made in drawing font (Fig. 25). The style of letters and numbers of a drawing font is established by the standard. The standard determines the height and width of letters and numbers, the thickness of stroke lines, the distance between letters, words and lines.

Rice. 25. Inscriptions on drawings

An example of constructing one of the letters in the auxiliary grid is shown in Figure 26.

Rice. 26. Example of letter construction

The font can be either slanted (about 75°) or without slanting.

The standard sets the following font sizes: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40. The size (h) of a font is taken to be the value determined by the height of capital letters in millimeters. The height of the letter is measured perpendicular to the base of the line. The lower elements of the letters D, Ts, Shch and the upper element of the letter Y are made due to the spaces between the lines.

The thickness (d) of the font line is determined depending on the height of the font. It is equal to 0.1h;. The width (g) of the letter is chosen to be 0.6h or 6d. The width of the letters A, D, Ж, М, ​​Ф, X, Ц, Ш, Ш, Ъ, ы, У is greater than this value by 1 or 2d (including the lower and upper elements), and the width of the letters Г, 3, С is less by d.

The height of lowercase letters is approximately the same as the height of the next smaller font size. So, the height of lowercase letters of size 10 is 7, size 7 is 5, etc. The upper and lower elements of lowercase letters are made due to the distances between the lines and extend beyond the line in 3d. Most lowercase letters are 5d wide. The width of the letters a, m, c, ъ is 6d, the letters zh, t, f, w, shch, s, yu are 7d, and the letters z, s are 4d.

The distance between letters and numbers in words is taken to be 0.2h or 2d, between words and numbers -0.6h or 6d. The distance between the lower lines of the lines is taken equal to 1.7h or 17d.

The standard also establishes another type of font - type A, narrower than the one just discussed.

The height of letters and numbers in pencil drawings must be at least 3.5 mm.

The layout of the Latin alphabet according to GOST is shown in Figure 27.

Rice. 27. Latin font

How to write in drawing font. It is necessary to draw up drawings with inscriptions carefully. Poorly written inscriptions or carelessly applied digits of different numbers may be misunderstood when reading the drawing.

To learn how to write beautifully in a drawing font, first draw a grid for each letter (Fig. 28). After mastering the skills of writing letters and numbers, you can only draw the top and bottom lines of the line.


Rice. 28. Examples of making inscriptions in drawing font

The outlines of the letters are outlined with thin lines. After making sure that the letters are written correctly, trace them with a soft pencil.

For the letters G, D, I, Ya, L, M, P, T, X, C, Ш, Ш, you can only draw two auxiliary lines at a distance equal to their height A.

For the letters B, V, E, N. R, U, CH, Ъ, И, ь. Between the two horizontal lines, another one should be added in the middle, but which is filled with their middle elements. And for the letters 3, O, F, Yu, four lines are drawn, where the middle lines indicate the boundaries of the roundings.

To quickly write inscriptions in a drawing font, various stencils are sometimes used. You will fill out the main inscription in 3.5 font, the title of the drawing in 7 or 5 font.

  1. What is the font size?
  2. What is the width of capital letters?
  3. What is the height of size 14 lowercase letters? What is their width?
  1. Complete several inscriptions in your workbook according to the teacher’s instructions. For example, you can write your last name, first name, and home address.
  2. Fill in the main inscription on sheet of graphic work No. 1 with the following text: drew (last name), checked (teacher's last name), school, class, drawing No. 1, title of the work “Lines”.

1.5. How to apply dimensions. To determine the size of the depicted product or any part of it, dimensions are applied to the drawing. Dimensions are divided into linear and angular. Linear dimensions characterize the length, width, thickness, height, diameter or radius of the measured part of the product. Angular size characterizes the size of the angle.

Linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, but the unit of measurement is not indicated. Angular dimensions are indicated in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement.

The total number of dimensions in the drawing should be the smallest, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.

The rules for applying dimensions are established by the standard. You already know some of them. Let's remind them.

1. Dimensions in the drawings are indicated by dimensional numbers and dimensional lines. To do this, first draw extension lines perpendicular to the segment, the size of which is indicated (Fig. 29, a). Then, at a distance of at least 10 mm from the contour of the part, draw a dimension line parallel to it. The dimension line is limited on both sides by arrows. What the arrow should be is shown in Figure 29, b. Extension lines extend beyond the ends of the arrows of the dimension line by 1...5 mm. Extension and dimension lines are drawn as a solid thin line. Above the dimension line, closer to its middle, the dimension number is applied.


Rice. 29. Applying linear dimensions

2. If there are several dimension lines parallel to each other in the drawing, then a smaller dimension is applied closer to the image. So, in Figure 29, first dimension 5 is applied, and then 26, so that the extension and dimension lines in the drawing do not intersect. The distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7 mm.

3. To indicate the diameter, a special sign is applied in front of the size number - a circle crossed out by a line (Fig. 30). If the dimensional number does not fit inside the circle, it is taken outside the circle, as shown in Figure 30, c and d. The same is done when applying the size of a straight segment (see Figure 29, c).


Rice. 30. Sizing circles

4. To indicate the radius, write the capital Latin letter R in front of the dimension number (Fig. 31, a). The dimension line to indicate the radius is drawn, as a rule, from the center of the arc and ends with an arrow on one side, abutting the point of the arc of the circle.

Rice. 31. Applying dimensions of arcs and angles

5. When indicating the size of an angle, the dimension line is drawn in the form of a circular arc with the center at the vertex of the angle (Fig. 31, b).

6. Before the dimensional number indicating the side of the square element, a “square” sign is applied (Fig. 32). In this case, the height of the sign is equal to the height of the numbers.

Rice. 32. Applying the size of the square

7. If the dimension line is located vertically or obliquely, then the dimension numbers are placed as shown in Figure 29, c; thirty; 31.

8. If a part has several identical elements, then it is recommended to indicate on the drawing the size of only one of them with an indication of the quantity. For example, an entry on the drawing “3 holes. 0 10" means that the part has three identical holes with a diameter of 10 mm.

9. When depicting flat parts in one projection, the thickness of the part is indicated as shown in Figure 29, c. Please note that the dimensional number indicating the thickness of the part is preceded by the Latin small letter 5.

10. It is allowed to indicate the length of the part in a similar way (Fig. 33), but in this case a Latin letter is written before the dimension number l.

Rice. 33. Applying the part length dimension

  1. In what units are linear dimensions expressed in mechanical engineering drawings?
  2. How thick should extension and dimension lines be?
  3. What distance is left between the outline of the image and the dimension lines? between size lines?
  4. How are dimensional numbers applied on inclined dimensional lines?
  5. What signs and letters are placed before the dimensional number when indicating the values ​​of diameters and radii?

Rice. 34. Exercise task

  1. Draw into your workbook, maintaining the proportions, the image of the part given in Figure 34, enlarging it by 2 times. Apply the required dimensions, indicate the thickness of the part (it is 4 mm).
  2. Draw circles in your workbook with diameters of 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm. Add their dimensions. Draw circular arcs with radii of 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm and mark the dimensions.

1.6. Scale. In practice, it is necessary to create images of very large parts, for example parts of an airplane, ship, car, and very small ones - parts of a clock mechanism, some instruments, etc. Images of large parts may not fit on sheets of standard format. Small details that are barely visible to the naked eye cannot be drawn in full size using existing drawing tools. Therefore, when drawing large parts, their image is reduced, and small ones are increased in comparison with the actual dimensions.

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object to the actual ones. The scale of images and their designation on drawings sets the standard.

Reduction scale - 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10, etc.
Natural size - 1:1.
Magnification scale - 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1, etc.

The most desirable scale is 1:1. In this case, when creating an image, there is no need to recalculate the dimensions.

The scales are written as follows: M1:1; M1:2; M5:1, etc. If the scale is indicated on the drawing in a specially designated column of the main inscription, then the letter M is not written before the scale designation.

It should be remembered that, no matter what scale the image is made, the dimensions on the drawing are actual, i.e. those that the part should have in kind (Fig. 35).

The angular dimensions do not change when the image is reduced or enlarged.

  1. What is the scale used for?
  2. What is scale?
  3. What are the magnification scales established by the standard? What scale of reduction do you know?
  4. What do the entries mean: M1:5; M1:1; M10:1?


Rice. 35. Drawing of the gasket, made in various scales

EXAMPLE No. 2
Flat part drawing

Make drawings of the “Gasket” parts using the existing halves of the images, separated by an axis of symmetry (Fig. 36). Add dimensions, indicate the thickness of the part (5 mm).

Complete the work on an A4 sheet. Image scale 2:1.

Directions for use. Figure 36 shows only half of the image of the part. You need to imagine what the complete part will look like, keeping in mind symmetry, and sketch it on a separate sheet. Then you should proceed to the drawing.

A frame is drawn on an A4 sheet and space is allocated for the main inscription (22X145 mm). The center of the working field of the drawing is determined and the image is constructed from it.

First, draw the axes of symmetry and build a rectangle with thin lines that corresponds to the general shape of the part. After this, images of the rectangular elements of the part are marked.


Rice. 36. example No. 2

Having determined the position of the centers of the circle and semicircle, draw them. The dimensions of the elements and overall, i.e., the largest in length and height, dimensions of the part are indicated, and its thickness is indicated.

Outline the drawing with the lines established by the standard: first - circles, then - horizontal and vertical straight lines. Fill out the title block and check the drawing.