Lighting of industrial premises should ensure safety, high productivity and comfort of workers. Its organization is a fairly responsible process, which is ensured with knowledge of the problem and taking into account sanitary standards. Poor lighting can cause accidents, which is especially important to understand when organizing your own production, office, workshop, store.

In this article:

The essence of the problem

When arranging your own production premises, the lighting design is an important part of the entire organizational complex. It must be developed professionally, taking into account mandatory technical and sanitary standards. Proper lighting in industrial premises solves the following main problems:

• creating the necessary conditions for performing work;
• security;
• maintaining comfortable conditions for work and rest.

Taking this into account, lighting for industrial or office premises must meet the following basic requirements: reliability, safety, efficiency and economy. In general, when designing a lighting system, it is necessary to carry out qualitative and quantitative assessments.

The most important quantitative indicators are:

1. Luminous flux, which characterizes the power of that part of the world that is perceived by the human organ. This characteristic is usually measured in lumens.
2. Illumination. In principle, this indicator determines the distribution of luminous flux and is the result of its division by the area of ​​the illuminated surface. It is customary to evaluate the indicator in lux (Lx).
3. The brightness of an object at its actual angle to the normal incidence of light. It is calculated by dividing the intensity of light, which is emitted precisely in the direction under consideration, by the amount of area obtained from its projection onto a plane located along the normal.

It is also necessary to take into account the quality indicators of lighting for industrial premises, including:

1. The background or ability of a work surface to reflect light. The indicator is characterized by the reflection coefficient.
2. The contrast of the subject in relation to the background. Determined by comparing the object and background.
3. Blindness. An important indicator that reveals the glare of lighting equipment on human eyes.
4. Visibility or the ability of the eye to detect an object under specific conditions. The indicator depends on the illumination, the size of the object, its brightness and contrast with the background, as well as the duration of the exposure.

Principles of organization

The lighting standards for premises are regulated by SNiP 23-05-95, taking into account the categories of visual work, background parameters, contrast of objects, duration of work, etc. Thus, to ensure activities with different required accuracy of results, the following lighting standards are established (taking into account natural lighting):

• special accuracy - 2.5-5 kLx;
• very high accuracy - 1-4 kLx;
• increased accuracy - 0.4-2 kLx;
• average accuracy - 0.4-0.75 kLx;
• low accuracy - 0.3-0.4 kLx;
• rough work - 0.2 kLx;
• supervision of work - 20-150 Lx.

The level of illumination has a bad effect on a person, both when it is insufficient and when it is excessively intense. Excessively bright light, as well as light deficiency, leads to eye fatigue, a decrease in productivity and quality of goods produced, and can reduce labor safety. It is very bad if a lighting device blinds a person. The same effect is caused by heterogeneity and unevenness of illumination, the presence of shaded areas, and excessive contrast of objects. If you work for a long time in a room with improper lighting, health problems may arise.

When designing a lighting system, it should be taken into account that the level of illumination is also affected by the arrangement of the room itself. So, if there are wall and ceiling coverings of dark shades, the standards increase by one step.

There should be no pronounced shine in the working area, i.e. bright reflected light. If there are glossy surfaces, it is necessary to shape the luminous flux accordingly.

The spectral light characteristic significantly affects the perception of objects and visual fatigue. It is recognized that natural light has the optimal spectrum, which means that to illuminate rooms, light bulbs should be selected that are close to natural. In addition, when organizing a lighting circuit, it is necessary to ensure fire and electrical safety, as well as aesthetic issues.

What is the lighting like?

Based on the nature of light, lighting in industrial buildings is divided into the following types:

1. Natural. It is provided by direct or reflected rays of light from the celestial body and penetrates through window openings, ceiling light openings, glass walls or the ceiling. Natural lighting in a room can be directed from the side, from above, or a combination.
2. Artificial. It is provided by lighting fixtures of various types.
3. Combined or combined variety. If you feel that the natural option is insufficient, it is enhanced by artificial light devices. This system has become the most widespread so as not to depend on natural features.

Based on functionality, industrial lighting is divided into the following independent systems:

1. Working. It provides the necessary illumination in all service and production premises or in areas where internal vehicles move. In different rooms, it is recommended to provide separate control of the power supply and the brightness of lighting equipment.
2. Emergency. It is organized in such a way that in the event of an unexpected shutdown of the working lighting, light is provided in the most important areas. It can be used to evacuate personnel or to continue work during a continuous duty cycle, for illumination in vital areas.
3. Security. As a rule, it has a low level of illumination and is used only to illuminate the boundaries of the territory. One of the options for signal lighting is to automatically turn on only when strangers enter.
4. On duty. The system is turned on during non-working hours, and therefore is organized in an economical mode, i.e. with minimal illumination, which does not require the performance of critical work.
5. General. It is organized in production workshops. The lamps are located at the top and evenly illuminate the entire room. A variation can be general localized lighting, which provides uniform light over any specific equipment.

What equipment can be used

Artificial lighting can be provided by several types of lighting devices:

1. Incandescent lamps work on the principle of heating a tungsten filament until it glows. The main types of such devices are: vacuum, coiled, filled with gas or krypton. They are considered energy-consuming devices, and therefore are actively being replaced by modern designs. The spectrum of the lamps is yellow and reddish radiation.
2. Halogen lamps. In them, the tungsten filament is located in a sealed flask filled with an inert gas. They have a longer service life and increased light output.
3. Gas discharge and fluorescent lamps. The luminous flux is formed due to a discharge in a gaseous medium, which is maintained for a long time by a phosphor. There are low (fluorescent) and high (mercury DRL, etc.) pressure lamps.
4. LED bulbs. They use so-called LED technology. The device consists of a semiconductor crystal in which electric current is transformed into light rays. Currently, LED lighting is recognized as the most energy-saving system.

Lighting in production premises must comply with current standards. An incorrect system significantly reduces labor productivity, compromises work safety and can affect human health.

Working lighting is provided in all rooms, as well as in those areas of the territory where any work is carried out at night or there is movement of people and vehicles. Indoor and outdoor lighting have separate controls. The normal voltage of working lighting networks is 380/220 V.

Emergency lighting should be carried out in the main premises and in those workplaces where interruptions in the work of operating personnel are unacceptable. Normal emergency and work lighting together provide the required illumination of rooms and workplaces according to standards. Power is supplied to them from a common power source. In the event of an accident, the working lighting goes out, and the emergency lighting automatically switches to an independent power source (battery, generator with an automatically started internal combustion engine). Therefore, emergency lighting must have an electrical network separate from the work lighting network.

Additional lighting is provided in places where equipment repairs and inspections are carried out. Additional lighting is powered from the working lighting network using portable transformers with a secondary voltage of 36 or 12 V, plugged into plug sockets. Along the outer fence of the substation, enhanced lighting of the security strip is installed, powered by the working lighting network.

Lighting engineering calculation of lighting installations

We will calculate lighting installations for the production premises of the TMH building.

1. Transformer.

E n =50 lux, h=4 m, S=44 m 2.

Selecting a lamp for incandescent lamps of the “U-200” type:

h p =4-0.5=3.5 (m)

where h c is the height of the light.

Luminous intensity curve K (concentrated) l e =0.6

Distance between lamps of one row:

L a =0.6*3.5=2.1 (m)

2l a =8-2.1*3=1.7 (m)>l a =0.85 m

l H =1.45 m, L H =2.6 m

L a /L B =2.1/2.6=0.8< 1,5

Determine the room index:

with n =50%, with c =30%, with p =10% z=41%

Design luminous flux:

where Kz is a safety factor that takes into account the decrease in illumination during operation.

z is a correction factor representing the ratio of average illumination to minimum illumination.

z=1.15 for LN and DRL

z=1.1 for l.l.

N is the number of lamps.

We accept for installation general purpose incandescent lamps of type B-220-100, F n = 1320 lm, P = 100 W.

Actual illumination:

E n<Е ф на 12,2%, что удовлетворяет требованию (-10%:20%)

Total power of all lamps:

P total =100*8=800 (W)

Specific lighting power:

2. Boiler room.

E n =50 lux, h=4 m, S=33 m 2

h p =4-0.5=3.5 (m)

L a =0.6*3.5=2.1 (m)

l a =(6-2.1*2)/2=0.9 (m)

l B =1.75 m, L B =2 m

L a /L B =1.05< 1,5

Number of lamps: 6 pieces.

with n =50%, with c =30%, with p =10% z=0.38

We accept LN type B-220-100, P=100 W

E n<Е ф на 5,76%, что в пределах (-10%:20%)

P total =100*6=600 (W)

3. Workshop

E n =50 lux, h=4 m, S=85.5 m 2

We accept “U-200” lamps for installation

h p =4-0.5-0.8=2.7 (m)

where h pn =0.8 is the height of the working surface.

Number of lamps: 15 pieces (3 rows of 5 pieces each)

L a =0.6*2.7=1.62 (m)

we take L a =2.5 m, n rows = 3

2l a =12-2.5*4=2 (m)>l a =1 m

l В =1.175 m, L В =2.4 m

with n =50%, with c =30%, with p =10% z=0.52

We accept LN type B-220-100-235

F n = 1000 lm, P = 100 W

E n<Е ф на 5,4%, что в пределах (-10%:20%)

P total =100*15=1500 (W)

4. Repair department.

E n =50 lux, h=4 m, S=82.5 m 2

We accept “U-200” lamps for installation

h p =4-0.5=3.5 (m)

L a =0.6*3.5=2.1 (m)

Number of lamps: 14 pieces (2 rows of 7 pieces each)

l B =1.7 m, L B =2.1 m

L a /L B =2.1/2.1=1< 1,5

with n =50%, with c =30%, with p =10% z=0.47

We accept LN type B-220-235-100

F n =1000 lm

E n<Е ф на -7,4%, что в пределах (-10%:20%)

P total =100*14=1400 (W)

5. San. node

E n =50 lux, h=4 m, S=16.5 m 2

We accept “U-200” lamps for installation

h p =4-0.5=3.5 (m)

L a =0.6*3.5=2.1 (m)

We accept L a =1.9 m, l a =0.85 (m)

One row with 3 lamps

with n =70%, with c =50%, with p =30% z=34%

We accept LN type B-220-100

F n =1320 lm, P=100 W

E n<Е ф на -5,4%, что в пределах (-10%:20%)

P total =100*3=300 (W)

6. Pumping station.

E n =50 lux, h=4 m, S=44 m 2

We accept “U-200” lamps for installation

L a =0.6*3.5=2.1 (m)

two rows of 4 lamps

INTRODUCTION

Electric lighting plays a huge role in human life. Its significance is determined by the fact that with the correct implementation of lighting installations (OU), electric lighting (EL) helps to increase labor productivity, improve the quality of products, reduce the number of accidents and injuries, and reduce worker fatigue; provides significant performance and creates normal aesthetic, physiological and psychological effects on humans.

The correctness of the design of an op-amp is regulated by a variety of guidelines and regulatory documentation.

A complex criterion that evaluates the efficiency of a lighting installation is the annual levelized costs, which take into account initial costs and operating costs, as well as energy consumption, which is often considered as an independent indicator.

Due to the fact that electricity consumption for lighting is significant and amounts to 11 ... 14% of all electricity consumed in the country. And saving energy resources is a pressing problem. The use of energy-efficient op-amps that ensure minimal electricity consumption is the most important task.

The purpose of designing a lighting installation is to create a lighting environment that would ensure the lighting efficiency of lighting, taking into account the requirements of visual physiology, occupational health, and safety with minimal energy consumption and the cost of material and labor resources for the acquisition, installation and operation of the OU.

These goals are achievable by performing multivariate lighting calculations and choosing the most economical one, taking into account the requirements of current regulatory materials for the design, installation and operation of the OS.

This tutorial provides materials on designing the lighting and electrical parts of electric lighting. Lighting methods for calculating lighting are given - the luminous flux utilization coefficient method, the point calculation method using spatial and linear isoluxes. The calculation of an electrical lighting network is described - the selection of wire and cable cross-sections and the calculation of network protection.

The manual contains sufficient normative and reference materials for the design of an op-amp.

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE DESIGN OF LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

The design of lighting installations (OU) can be carried out in one or two stages.

For technically simple objects, as well as objects whose construction is carried out according to standard and re-used designs, the design of the OS is carried out in one stage - a working design (DP) is developed.

For large and complex objects, a two-stage design is carried out. At the first stage, a technical design (P) is carried out, at the second - working documentation (DD).

RP consists of lighting and electrical parts and working drawings.

In the lighting engineering part of the RP, the selection of illumination values ​​and indicators of lighting quality, systems, types and methods of lighting, types of light sources (IS) and lighting devices (LD) is carried out, lighting calculations are performed, as a result of which the power and location of the OP are determined. The lighting part of the project ends with the preparation of a lighting sheet (Table A14).

In the electrical part of the switchgear, the op-amp power supply circuit and voltage are selected; the locations of group and main panels are determined and their types are selected; the route of the electrical network is determined; the choice of brand of wires and cables and methods of laying them is made; The lighting network is calculated, as a result of which the cross-section of wires and cables and the protection of the lighting network are determined.

In the RP, working drawings of the OU are developed, the composition and design rules of which are regulated by standards. Working projects should be focused on the implementation of electric lighting using industrial installation methods.

The scope of the RP for lighting of each facility includes a specification for lighting and electrical equipment, cables, wires, electrical installation products and other materials necessary for installation of the OU, and a statement of quantities for electrical installation work.

In a two-stage design, in the first stage P, the main fundamental issues in the lighting part of the op-amp are resolved. At the same time, the degree of depth and detail of elaboration of various issues can vary within significant limits.

At the next second stage, the RD is developed in the scope specified above for the RP, with the exception of the solution to the main fundamental provisions of the OS design identified in the first stage of the P.

The initial data for designing an OS are plans, characteristic dimensions of objects (buildings, premises, structures), their characteristics, information about the environment, etc., data about power sources.

The design of lighting installations can be done manually or automated by machine.

Lighting systems. Artificial lighting systems are determined by the way the lamps are placed. Based on the methods of placing lamps in rooms, a distinction is made between general and combined lighting systems.

The general lighting system is designed to illuminate the entire room and work surfaces. General lighting can be uniform and localized. General lighting lamps are located in the upper zone of the room and are attached to the building foundations directly to the ceiling, on trusses, on walls, columns or on technological production equipment, on cables, etc.

With general uniform lighting, uniform illumination is created over the entire area of ​​the room. Lighting with uniform placement of lamps is used in industrial premises in which technological equipment is located evenly over the entire area with the same visual work conditions or in public or administrative premises.

General localized lighting is provided in rooms in which work is carried out in different areas that require different illumination, or when workplaces in the room are concentrated in groups and it is necessary to create certain directions of the light flux.

The advantages of localized lighting over general uniform lighting include reducing the power of lighting installations, the ability to create the required direction of the luminous flux, and avoiding shadows from production equipment and the workers themselves in the workplace.

Along with the general lighting system, local lighting can be used in the premises. Local lighting is provided at workplaces (machines, layouts, tables, marking tiles, etc.) and is intended to increase the illumination of workplaces.

The installation of only local lighting in premises is prohibited by standards. Local repair lighting is carried out with portable lamps, which are connected through a step-down transformer at a safe voltage of 12, 24, 42 V, depending on the category of the room in relation to the safety of operating personnel.

Local and general lighting, used together, form a combined lighting system. It is used in rooms with precise visual work that requires high illumination. With such a system, local lighting lamps provide illumination only for workplaces, and general lighting lamps provide illumination for the entire room, workplaces and mainly passages and driveways.

The combined lighting system reduces the installed power of light sources (IS) and energy consumption, since local lighting lamps are turned on only while work is being performed directly at the workplace.

The choice of one or another lighting system is determined mainly by the placement of equipment and, accordingly, the location of workplaces, the technology of the work performed, and economic considerations.

One of the main indicators characterizing the feasibility of using a general or combined lighting system is the density of workplaces in the room (m 2 /person). In table 1.1 in accordance with the recommended lighting systems for various categories of visual work, depending on the density of workplaces, and possible energy savings are given.

Table 1.1 Recommended areas of application of general and combined lighting systems

Types of lighting

In accordance with the rules, artificial lighting is divided into working, emergency, security and duty. Emergency lighting can be safety or evacuation lighting.

Work lighting is lighting that provides standardized lighting conditions (illumination, lighting quality) indoors and in places where work is carried out outside buildings.

Working lighting is provided for all areas of buildings, as well as areas of open spaces intended for work, the passage of people and traffic. For rooms with zones with different natural lighting conditions and different operating modes, separate lighting control for such zones should be provided.

This project considers the reconstruction of the electric lighting system of industrial premises.

This technical specification defines the requirements for reconstruction of electric lighting in industrial premises. Installation and commissioning works are carried out on the Customer's territory.

Planned dates for the start and completion of work services: - from the date of conclusion of the contract within 60 working days

Basic existing technical data and characteristics of the object:

• Carrying out installation work in an existing building in cramped conditions: with the presence of existing technological equipment (machines, installations, cranes, etc.) in the work area and traffic movement along intra-shop routes.
• Carrying out installation work near objects under high voltage.
• To carry out work, permission to perform high-risk work and permission to work in electrical installations is required.
• Ambient temperature: -30 + 60 °C.
• Temperature in the high temperature zone: -30 + 80 °C
• High dust content with non-conductive dust.
• Illumination at a level of 80 cm from the floor is at least 300 lux.
• A diagram of the areas where it is necessary to reconstruct the lighting is given in Appendix No. 1, a section of the building is given in Appendix No. 2, number of floors - 1.

Purpose and purpose of providing the work performed

Bringing general lighting in the production area into compliance with the current standards of the Russian Federation, creating favorable visibility conditions for enterprise personnel, carrying out energy-saving measures, as well as measures aimed at eliminating accidents and injuries.

Measures for the reconstruction of the electric lighting system of industrial premises are intended to meet the requirements of the following ND:

• Rules for technical operation of consumer electrical installations;
• Electrical Installation Code, Sixth and Seventh Edition;
• SNiP 3.05.06-85 "Electrical devices";
• SP 52.13330.2011. Set of rules. Natural and artificial lighting.
• And 1.13-07 “Instructions for preparing acceptance documentation for electrical installation work.”

Technical description of design and electrical installation works

Lighting reconstruction work includes:

• design
• supply and installation of work and emergency lighting panels
• supply and installation of power cable lines
• supply and installation of Philips BY687LED240 lamps and lamps for areas with high temperatures.
• installation of lighting control circuit
• dismantling the existing lighting system (performed after switching on the new lighting system).
• supply and installation of evacuation lighting fixtures

Work includes:

• pre-project survey;
• development of working documentation sections EM, ES;

Carrying out design and electrical installation work

• performing commissioning tests and measurements;
• provision to the Customer of design and acceptance documentation in electronic form in .dwg format in 1 copy and on paper in 2 copies.

Provided by the contractor:

• certificates, licenses and other regulatory legal acts and permits for the right to carry out this type of work.
• necessary documents (approved regulations, certificates, certificates, certificates, etc.) confirming his right to provide the required type of services.

Warranty and post-warranty service

The contractor is responsible for the quality of the work performed.

Documentation

• The design documentation was completed in 3 (three) copies and handed over to the Customer on paper (2 original copies) and a copy in electronic form.
• The Contractor provided all passports and certificates for the equipment and materials used.

The project for the reconstruction of the electric lighting system was carried out on the basis of:

• Customer's technical specifications for design;
• current regulatory documents, namely:
  • Rules for electrical installations;
  • Design and installation of electrical installations of residential and public buildings - SP31-110-2003;
  • GOST R50 571.2-94 - Electrical installations of buildings;
  • SNiP 23 - 05 - 95 Natural and artificial lighting;
  • SNiP 3.05.06-85 - Electrical devices;
  • SNiP 21 - 01-97 - Fire safety of buildings and structures;
  • SP 6.13130.2013 - Fire protection systems. Electrical equipment.

Fire safety requirements.

GOST R 53315-2009 - Cable products. Fire safety requirements;

State standards
- Electrical installations of buildings
- Basic safety requirements (GOST 30331-95, GOST 50571-96), GOST 21.614-88
- Conditional graphic images of electrical equipment and wiring on the plan.

Mains voltage 380/220V.

The grounding system adopted in the project is TN-C-S.

Data on loads are given on single-line diagrams of switchboards.

Justification of the adopted power supply scheme

According to the terms of reference, the project provides for the reconstruction of the lighting system with the replacement of lighting panels, power cables and lighting control circuits.

To power the lighting equipment in the premises of the production workshop, it is planned to install working lighting panels: zone 1 - ShchAO-1, ​​zone 2 - ShchAO2 and emergency and evacuation lighting panels: zone 1 - ShchAO-1, ​​zone 2 - ShchAO2.

Lighting boards are powered by cable lines from:

1. Zone 2 ShchAO-2 from TP-840/1, cabinet PR-1, add. circuit breaker 32A;
2. Zone 1 ShchAO-1 from TP-840/4, cabinet PR-2 additional. circuit breaker 32A;
3. Zone 2 ShchO-2 from TP840/4, cabinet PR-2 additional. circuit breaker 50A;
4. Zone 1 ShchO-1 from ShchO-3 located in the axes P-32 additional. circuit breaker 63A.

The power lines of the working lighting panels ShchO-1 and ShchO-2 are made with cables with copper conductors of the VVGng(A)-LS brand, except for the power lines of zone 1, the area with high operating temperatures. In this area, cable type OLFLEX CLASSIC 100 5 G 2.5 is used with an operating temperature of up to +80°C.

The power lines of the emergency and evacuation lighting panels ShchAO-1 and ShchAO-2 are made with fire-resistant cable with copper conductors of the VVGng(A)-FRLS brand, except for the power lines of zone 1, the area with high operating temperatures. In this area, cable type OLFLEX CLASSIC 100 is used with an operating temperature of up to +80°C.

The voltage of the newly designed network is 400/230V, TN-S system. The separation of the cores of the PEN supply cables is carried out at the input to ShchO-1,2 and ShchAO-1,2, respectively.

Information on the number of electrical receivers, their installed and estimated power

The total estimated power of consumers of electric lighting equipment of the production workshop within the framework of the reconstruction project is:

• 22.35 kW - working lighting zone 1;
• 6.95 kW - emergency (security lighting) and evacuation lighting zone 1;
• 13.50 kW - working lighting zone 2;
• 4.60 kW - emergency (safety lighting) and evacuation lighting zone 2.

Power supply reliability and power quality

Deviations of voltage from the nominal voltage at the terminals of power electrical receivers and the most remote electric lighting lamps do not exceed ±5% in normal mode, and the maximum permissible in post-emergency mode at the highest design loads is ±10%. In networks with a voltage of 12-50 V (counting from a power source, for example a step-down transformer), voltage deviations are allowed to be accepted up to 10%.

Taking into account the regulated deviations from the nominal value, the total voltage losses from the 0.4 kV busbars of the transformer substation to the most distant general lighting lamp should, as a rule, not exceed 7.5% (SP 31-110-2003).

The voltage drop in the supply and group lighting lines does not exceed 2.17%, from TP-840/1, cabinet PR-1, to the most distant lamp.

To ensure energy saving in electrical installations, the project provides for:

• three-phase input, uniform load distribution across phases
• rational construction of the circuit in individual network elements and selection of cable cross-section.

The electrical equipment used in this project does not affect the power supply network, causing deviations in the power supply quality indicators provided for by GOST 13109-97.

Measures to provide electricity to electrical receivers in accordance with the established classification in operating and emergency modes

The power supply for the working lighting of zone 1 is carried out from the working lighting panel ShchAO-1, ​​the power supply for emergency lighting (safety lighting) - from the emergency lighting panel ShchAO-1. Both working and emergency lighting operate in normal mode. In normal operation, the working lighting panel is powered from the ShchO-3 panel, the emergency lighting panel is powered from the PR-2 TP-840/4 panel.

The power supply for the working lighting of zone 2 is carried out from the working lighting panel ShchAO-2, the power supply for emergency lighting (safety lighting) - from the emergency lighting panel ShchAO-2. Both working and emergency lighting operate in normal mode. In normal operating mode, the working lighting panel is powered from the PR-2 TP-840/4 panel, the emergency lighting panel is powered from the PR-1 TP-840/1 panel.

In the premises of the production workshop of zones 1 and 2, emergency lighting lamps and signs indicating the direction of movement to emergency exits are provided.

Evacuation lighting luminaires are equipped with built-in rechargeable batteries that ensure operation of the luminaire for 1 hour.

Evacuation lighting luminaires are powered from the emergency lighting network.

Measures for reactive power compensation, relay protection, control, automation and dispatch of the power supply system

Since the drivers of LED lamps have a power factor of at least 0.9, reactive power compensation for consumers of the electric lighting system is not provided for in the project.

Gas-discharge luminaires in zone 1 of the high-temperature section are equipped with ballasts with cosφ = 0.85, the total reactive power of such luminaires is equal to Scalc = 1 kV.

Such power does not cause network overload; in this case, there is no need for reactive power compensation.

List of measures for grounding (grounding) and lightning protection

To ground the newly designed shields ShchO-1, ShchO-2, ShchAO-1, ​​ShchAO-2, lamp housings, cable braces, the existing grounding loop of the building is used, through a protective grounding conductor, distribution network cables and yellow-green wires.

The project does not provide for the reconstruction of the existing ground loop.

Electricity supply

Supply voltage 400/230V, TN-C system.

All protection and control devices, cables and wires, lamps and other purchased products and equipment must have appropriate certificates of compliance and fire safety.

Section selection

Calculation of lighting network cables for voltage loss is made based on the following parameters:

• M - load moment equal to the product of load P and the length of the line section L, kW*m;
• S - wire cross-section, mm²;
• C is a coefficient depending on the wire material and network voltage.
  • For copper wires in a three-phase network with zero with a rated voltage of 400/230V C = 72.2.
  • For copper wires with a single-phase network with zero with a rated voltage of 220V C = 12.1
• ΔU - permissible loss of network voltage, %;
• Lo - line length to the first lamp in the group, m;
• L=6 - distance between lamps in a group, m;
• n is the number of lamps in the group;

The cross-section selection values ​​for each group of luminaires are summarized in the table.

Calculation of power network cables for voltage loss is carried out according to the following parameters:

U - linear voltage, V;

ΔU - permissible loss of network voltage, V;

The project includes calculation of short circuit currents

The calculation showed that the selected protection devices provide protection of lines during single-phase short circuits in a time of 0.4 s.

Electricity metering

The project does not provide for the reconstruction of the electricity metering station.

Power electrical equipment and electrical networks

Consumers of electrical energy, installed and calculated power are indicated in the corresponding tables for calculating electrical loads.

Lighting boards ShchO-1, ShchO-2 are externally designed with a mounting panel and degree of protection IP54.
Emergency lighting panels ShchAO-1 and ShchAO-2 are of the ShchRN type with an IP54 protection degree.

To protect outgoing lines, circuit breakers with characteristic “C” and a breaking capacity of 6 kA are installed in switchboards.

Electrical lighting networks are made with cables with copper conductors of the VVGng(A)-LS, VVGng(A)-FRLS grades, in the high temperature zone OLFLEX CLASSIC 100.

Cable lighting lines are laid:

• in a corrugated pipe fixed to the reinforced concrete structures of the building without compromising the mechanical strength;
• in the spans between the trusses openly and in a metal hose along a cable stretch, see sheet 14.3 of this project;
• the rise from the distribution box to the cable is carried out inside the cable fastening profile;
• the cable is fastened to the cable using ties with a pitch of no more than 500 mm;
• descents and ascents of cables are carried out along the reinforced concrete columns of the building structures openly and in a metal hose; cables are fastened on vertical sections of lines using cable clamps (straps);
• Cable branches to the luminaires are carried out in junction boxes with a degree of protection IP 54.

Cables for working and emergency (evacuation) lighting, laid along one guy rope, are separated along the entire length by a metal flexible hose with a fire resistance rating of at least EI 60.

Cables for power supply networks of electric lighting consumers are selected according to the long-term permissible current load, voltage loss in the line and the magnitude of the operating current.

The choice of supply lines (brand, cross-section, length, route, cable-supporting system) is determined by the project, the routes are agreed with the Customer.

Electric lighting

Electric power supply to electric lighting networks is provided from switchboards ShchO-1, ShchAO-1 Zone 1 and ShchO-2, ShchAO-2 Zone 2, with an installation height of 1800 mm from the top edge of the shield. Working and emergency lighting panels are installed in axes P-32 Zone 1 and E-17 Zone 2, respectively.

Mains voltage 400/230V, TN-S system.

Ground the luminaires with the third conductor (PE) of the power cable.

Control of the working lighting of the production workshop is provided by buttons installed on the front door of the working lighting cabinets. The buttons are backlit in the “On” mode.

To control lighting in switchboards, magnetic starters are installed on group lines, triggered by a signal from buttons. The latter are selected with fixation.

In zone 1 and zone 2, working and emergency lighting is provided using LED lamps of the Philips BY687LED240 type, except for zone 1 of the section with high operating temperatures, where gas-discharge lamps of the I-VALO VS40M MC/MT-400W VEGA S type are used, and evacuation lighting, which performed by “EXIT” lamps with built-in batteries.

Lamps are selected in accordance with the nature of the premises. The choice of room illumination was made on the basis of SNiP 23-05-95, SP 31-110-2003, SP 52-13330-2011 in accordance with the technical specifications. According to the technical specifications, the degree of illumination in zone 1 and zone 2 is ensured at a level of 80 cm from the floor, at least 300 lux, except for zone 1 of the area with high operating temperatures, where illumination is provided at a level of 80 cm from the floor, at least 400 lux, cm. Appendix 2, lighting report and 3D visualization, made in the DIALux 4.10 program.

Grounding of all metal normally non-current-carrying parts of lighting equipment is carried out by connecting to an additional “PE” wire, which is connected to the “PE” bus of the distribution panel.

Fastenings for general lighting fixtures.

Evacuation lighting

Evacuation lighting is combined with emergency lighting.

Evacuation lighting is provided by lamps with built-in batteries "EXIT", located above each exit from the production workshop building, along the main passages and personnel evacuation routes in case of fire.

Calculation of the load-bearing capacity of cable tension

The calculation comes down to determining the design load on the cable and comparing it with the permissible one. The calculation is made for the most loaded area.

Initial data:

1. Design span l=12 m;
2. Maximum sag f=0.2 m;
3. Cable diameter d=4 mm;
4. Cross-sectional area S=5.9 mm²;
5. The specific weight of the cable is 0.056 kg/m.

Since the working load is 1.88 kN, and the design load is 0.98 kN, then there is a double reserve of the cable in terms of strength in the working load, and almost 10 times in terms of strength in the breaking load.

Lightning protection

Within the terms of reference, the project does not provide for the reconstruction of the facility's lightning protection system. It is recommended to conduct a survey and laboratory testing of the existing lightning protection system to determine the need for reconstruction or repair.

Organization of operation of electrical installations

The facility's electrical management system is an integral part of the electrical management system, integrated into the facility management system as a whole and must provide:

• development of the power supply system;
• effective work by increasing labor productivity;
• increasing the reliability, safety and trouble-free operation of equipment;
• renewal of fixed assets through reconstruction of electrical facilities;
• staff development;
• supervision of the technical condition of electrical installations;
• supervision of compliance with the operating modes specified by the power supply system.

Operation of electrical installations is carried out by trained personnel according to approved instructions.

At the site, to perform the functions of organizing the operation of electrical installations, the manager appoints a responsible person, as well as a person replacing him. Personnel servicing electrical installations are trained in accordance with the established procedure. The person in charge of electrical facilities is responsible for creating safe working conditions for electrical workers and organizational and technical work to prevent cases of electric shock to personnel.

Calculation of power loads.

Calculation of power load of three-phase consumers

Table 1 – Initial data

No.	Machine type	Power Pn, kW	Number of n, pcs.	K and
	Lathes			0,2	0,65
	Planing machines			0,2	0,65
	Slotting machines	2,7 5,4		0,2	0,65
	Milling machines			0,2	0,65
	Drilling machines		-	0,2	0,65
	Carousel machines			0,2	0,65
	Sharpening machines			0,2	0,65
	Grinding machines			0,2	0,65
	Fans			0,7	0,8
	Crane beam: PV=40%			0,1	0,5

Solution:

1 According to the formula P cm = and, i P n, i, we determine the average shift power for electric vehicles operating in the same mode and with the same k and.

Group 1 – turning, planing, slotting, milling, drilling, rotary, sharpening, grinding machines (k and =0.2; =0.65; =1.17);

Group 2 – fans (k and =0.7; cos =0.8; tg =0.75);

Group 3 – beam crane (k and =0.1; cos =0.5; tg𝜑=1.73).

1 gr. Р cm 1 = 0.2(12∙8+5∙4+5∙8+9∙8+2.7∙3+5.4∙2+6∙5+12∙8+5∙10+10∙ 6+30∙2+11∙2+15∙4+26∙3+31∙1)=146.78 kW.

2 gr. R cm 2 = 0.7(7∙2+10∙2)=23.8 kW.

3 gr. R cm 3 =0.1∙(10∙2+22∙4)=6.83 kW.

2 We determine the effective number of EPs by group depending on the ratio Р n, max / Р n, min.

1 gr. n ef = =47 pcs.

2 gr. because Р cm = Р р, then n eff is not determined.

3 gr. because R n, max /R n, min ≤3, then n eff =n=6 pcs.

3 we determine the calculated coefficient K p.

1 gr. n eff =47 pcs.; K p =1.0

3 gr. n ef = 6 pcs.; K p =2.64

4 according to the formula P r = K r cm determine the estimated active power

1 gr. Р р1 = 1.0∙146.78= 146.78 kW.

3 gr. R р2 = 6.83∙2.64=18.03 kW.

The active total load in the machine shop is:

R r∑mechanical shop =146.78+23.8+18.03=188.61 kW.

5 Determine the estimated reactive power Q p using the formula

At n eff ≤10 Qp=1.1∙P cm ∙tg𝜑 i

At n eff 10 Q p =P cm ∙tg𝜑 i

1 gr. Q p =146.78∙1.17=173.73 kvar.

2 gr. Q p =1.1∙23.8∙0.75=19.635 kvar.

3 gr. Q p =1.1∙6.83∙1.73=13 kvar.

The total reactive load in the machine shop is

Q p ∑mechanical shop =171.73+19.635+13=204.365 kvar.

6 We determine the total power using the formula S p =

S p ∑mechanical shop = = = = 278.1 kV∙A.

Calculation of lighting load

Determine the lighting load of the foundry

Given: S p =868 kV∙A.

R ud. =12.6 W/m2

The lighting is done with DRL lamps.

1 Determine the area of ​​the room using the formula

F room = = =2712.5 m 2

2 Determine R mouth.

R mouth =12.6∙2712.5=34.18 kW.

3 Determine P r, osv. , Q r.osv.

R r.osv. =0.95∙1.1∙34.18=35.72 kW.

Q r.osv. =35.72∙1.33=47.51 quar.

S p .dev. = = = =59.44 kV∙A.

Industrial premises lighting design

Utilization factor method

Design lighting for a mechanical workshop with dimensions of 45×25×12 m, height of lamp suspension h c =1.2 m, height of working surface h p =0.8 m, which is made with DRL lamps in RSP 05/G03 lamps. Number of lamps – 45 pcs. Normalized illumination E n = 300 lux, safety factor Kzap - 1.5. The distance between the lamps in length is 5.85 m, in width – 5.5 m (the distance from the wall to the lamp in length is 2 m, in width – 1.5 m)

Solution:

1 Determine the reflection coefficients from the ceiling, walls and working surface using the table.

Table 2 - Surface reflectance coefficients.

p p =0.3; р с =0.3; р р =0.1

2 Determine the room index using the formula:

where F is the area of ​​the room

h – design height

A, B – length and width of the room

h=H-h p -h c =12-0.8-1.2=10

3 According to the application for i=1.6 and coefficients p p =0.3; р с =0.3; р р =0.1 we determine the utilization factor η=0.65

4 Determine the luminous flux using the formula:

F r. = = = =19904 lm.

Where E n – normalized illumination

To zap – safety factor

Z – minimum illumination coefficient (Z=1.1 for LL, Z=1.5 for

LN and DRL).

N – number of lamps

Based on the value of F r, we select a DRL lamp with a power of 400 W. With luminous flux F nom. – 22000 lm. Since F r.<Ф ном. на 10,5%, согласно условиям задачи корректируем количество светильников до 40 шт.

F r. = = = =22392 lm.

Based on the value of F r, we select a DRL lamp with a power of 400 W. With luminous flux F nom. – 22000 lm.

F r >F nom. by 1.78%, which corresponds to the parameters.