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1 watt [W] = 3600 joule per hour [J/h]

Initial value

Converted value

watt exawatt petawatt terawatt gigawatt megawatt kilowatt hectowatt decawatt deciwatt centiwatt milliwatt microwatt nanowatt picowatt femtowatt attowatt horsepower horsepower metric horsepower boiler horsepower electric horsepower pump horsepower horsepower (German) Brit. thermal unit (int.) per British hour. thermal unit (int.) per minute brit. thermal unit (int.) per second brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per hour Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per minute brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per second MBTU (international) per hour Thousand BTU per hour MMBTU (international) per hour Million BTU per hour refrigeration ton kilocalorie (IT) per hour kilocalorie (IT) per minute kilocalorie (IT) per minute second kilocalorie (therm.) per hour kilocalorie (therm.) per minute kilocalorie (therm.) per second calorie (interm.) per hour calorie (interm.) per minute calorie (interm.) per second calorie (therm.) per hour calorie (therm) per minute calorie (therm) per second ft lbf per hour ft lbf/minute ft lbf/second lb-ft per hour lb-ft per minute lb-ft per second erg per second kilovolt-ampere volt-ampere newton meter per second joule per second exajoule per second petajoule per second terajoule per second gigajoule per second megajoule per second kilojoule per second hectojoule per second decajoule per second decijoule per second centijoule per second millijoule per second microjoule per second nanojoule per second picojoule per second femtojoule per second attojoule per second joule per hour joule per minute kilojoule per hour kilojoule per minute Planck power

Microphones and their technical characteristics

More about power

General information

In physics, power is the ratio of work to the time during which it is performed. Mechanical work is a quantitative characteristic of the action of force F on a body, as a result of which it moves a distance s. Power can also be defined as the rate at which energy is transferred. In other words, power is an indicator of the machine's performance. By measuring power, you can understand how much work is done and at what speed.

Power units

Power is measured in joules per second, or watts. Along with watts, horsepower is also used. Before the invention of the steam engine, the power of engines was not measured, and, accordingly, there were no generally accepted units of power. When the steam engine began to be used in mines, engineer and inventor James Watt began improving it. To prove that his improvements made the steam engine more productive, he compared its power to the performance of horses, since horses had been used by people for many years, and many could easily imagine how much work a horse could do in a certain amount of time. In addition, not all mines used steam engines. On those where they were used, Watt compared the power of the old and new models of the steam engine with the power of one horse, that is, with one horsepower. Watt determined this value experimentally by observing the work of draft horses at a mill. According to his measurements, one horsepower is 746 watts. Now it is believed that this figure is exaggerated, and the horse cannot work in this mode for a long time, but they did not change the unit. Power can be used as a measure of productivity because as power increases, the amount of work done per unit of time increases. Many people realized that it was convenient to have a standardized unit of power, so horsepower became very popular. It began to be used in measuring the power of other devices, especially vehicles. Although watts have been around for almost as long as horsepower, horsepower is more commonly used in the automotive industry, and many consumers are more familiar with horsepower when it comes to power ratings for a car engine.

Power of household electrical appliances

Household electrical appliances usually have a wattage rating. Some fixtures limit the wattage of the bulbs they can use, such as no more than 60 watts. This is done because higher wattage lamps generate a lot of heat and the lamp socket may be damaged. And the lamp itself will not last long at high temperatures in the lamp. This is mainly a problem with incandescent lamps. LED, fluorescent and other lamps typically operate at lower wattages for the same brightness and, if used in fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs, wattage is not an issue.

The greater the power of an electrical appliance, the higher the energy consumption and the cost of using the device. Therefore, manufacturers are constantly improving electrical appliances and lamps. The luminous flux of lamps, measured in lumens, depends on the power, but also on the type of lamp. The greater the luminous flux of a lamp, the brighter its light appears. For people, it is the high brightness that is important, and not the power consumed by the llama, so lately alternatives to incandescent lamps have become increasingly popular. Below are examples of types of lamps, their power and the luminous flux they create.

450 lumens:

Incandescent: 40 watt
CFL: 9–13 watts
LED lamp: 4–9 watts

800 lumens:

Incandescent: 60 watt
CFL: 13–15 watts
LED lamp: 10–15 watts

1600 lumens:

Incandescent: 100 watt
CFL: 23–30 watts
LED lamp: 16–20 watts

From these examples it is obvious that with the same luminous flux created, LED lamps consume the least amount of electricity and are more economical compared to incandescent lamps. At the time of writing this article (2013), the price of LED lamps is many times higher than the price of incandescent lamps. Despite this, some countries have banned or are planning to ban the sale of incandescent lamps due to their high power.

The power of household electrical appliances may vary depending on the manufacturer, and is not always the same during operation of the appliance. Below are the approximate wattages of some household appliances.

Household air conditioners for cooling a residential building, split system: 20–40 kilowatts
Monoblock window air conditioners: 1–2 kilowatts
Ovens: 2.1–3.6 kilowatts
Washers and dryers: 2–3.5 kilowatts
Dishwashers: 1.8–2.3 kilowatts
Electric kettles: 1–2 kilowatts
Microwave ovens: 0.65–1.2 kilowatts
Refrigerators: 0.25–1 kilowatt
Toasters: 0.7–0.9 kilowatts

Power in sports

Performance can be assessed using power not only for machines, but also for people and animals. For example, the power with which a basketball player throws a ball is calculated by measuring the force she applies to the ball, the distance the ball travels, and the time over which that force is applied. There are websites that allow you to calculate work and power during exercise. The user selects the type of exercise, enters height, weight, duration of exercise, after which the program calculates the power. For example, according to one of these calculators, the power of a person 170 centimeters tall and weighing 70 kilograms, who did 50 push-ups in 10 minutes, is 39.5 watts. Athletes sometimes use devices to measure the power at which muscles work during exercise. This information helps determine how effective their chosen exercise program is.

Dynamometers

To measure power, special devices are used - dynamometers. They can also measure torque and force. Dynamometers are used in various industries, from technology to medicine. For example, they can be used to determine the power of a car engine. There are several main types of dynamometers used to measure vehicle power. In order to determine engine power using dynamometers alone, it is necessary to remove the engine from the car and attach it to the dynamometer. In other dynamometers, the force for measurement is transmitted directly from the car wheel. In this case, the car's engine through the transmission drives the wheels, which, in turn, rotate the rollers of the dynamometer, which measures engine power under various road conditions.

Dynamometers are also used in sports and medicine. The most common type of dynamometer for these purposes is isokinetic. Typically this is a sports trainer with sensors connected to a computer. These sensors measure strength and power of the entire body or specific muscle groups. The dynamometer can be programmed to issue signals and warnings if the power exceeds a certain value. This is especially important for people with injuries during the rehabilitation period, when it is necessary not to overload the body.

According to some provisions of the theory of sports, the greatest sports development occurs under a certain load, individual for each athlete. If the load is not heavy enough, the athlete gets used to it and does not develop his abilities. If, on the contrary, it is too heavy, then the results deteriorate due to overload of the body. The physical performance of some exercises, such as cycling or swimming, depends on many environmental factors, such as road conditions or wind. Such a load is difficult to measure, but you can find out with what power the body counteracts this load, and then change the exercise regimen, depending on the desired load.

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JOULE, SI unit of energy, work, and heat (see SI (system of units)). Named after J.P. Joule. Denoted by J. 1 J = 107 erg = 0.2388 cal = 6.24. 1018 eV… encyclopedic Dictionary

This article is about a unit of measurement, an article about a physicist: Joule, James Prescott Joule (symbol: J, J) is a unit of measurement of work and energy in the SI system. Joule is equal to the work done when moving the point of application of a force equal to one... ... Wikipedia

Siemens (symbol: Cm, S) unit of measurement of electrical conductivity in the SI system, the reciprocal of the ohm. Before World War II (in the USSR until the 1960s), siemens was the name given to the unit of electrical resistance corresponding to the resistance ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Gray. Gray (symbol: Gr, Gy) is a unit of measurement of the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation in the International System of Units (SI). The absorbed dose is equal to one gray if the result is... ... Wikipedia

Gray (symbol: Gr, Gy) unit of measurement of the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation in the SI system. The absorbed dose is equal to one gray if, as a result of absorption of ionizing radiation, the substance received one joule of energy per one ... Wikipedia

Sievert (symbol: Sv, Sv) a unit of measurement of effective and equivalent doses of ionizing radiation in the International System of Units (SI), used since 1979. 1 sievert is the amount of energy absorbed by a kilogram... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Becquerel. Becquerel (symbol: Bq, Bq) is a unit of measurement of the activity of a radioactive source in the International System of Units (SI). One becquerel is defined as the activity of the source, in ... ... Wikipedia

For the type of sea coasts, see Watts Watt (symbol: W, W) is an SI unit of power. There are mechanical, thermal and electrical power: in mechanics, 1 watt is equal to the power at which in 1 second of time... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Newton. Newton (symbol: N) is a unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). The accepted international name is newton (designation: N). Newton derived unit. Based on the second... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Siemens. Siemens (Russian designation: Sm; international designation: S) a unit of measurement of electrical conductivity in the International System of Units (SI), the reciprocal of the ohm. Through others... ...Wikipedia

1 joule [J] = 10000000 erg

Initial value

Converted value

joule gigajoule megajoule kilojoule millijoule microjoule nanojoule picojoule attojoule megaelectronvolt kiloelectronvolt electron-volt millielectronvolt microelectronvolt nanoelectronvolt picoelectronvolt erg gigawatt-hour megawatt-hour kilowatt-hour kilowatt-second watt-hour watt-second newton -meter horsepower-hour horsepower (metric) -hour international kilocalorie thermochemical kilocalorie international calorie thermochemical calorie large (food) cal. British term. unit (int., IT) British term. unit of term. mega BTU (int., IT) ton-hour (refrigeration capacity) ton of oil equivalent barrel of oil equivalent (US) gigaton megaton TNT kiloton TNT ton TNT dyne-centimeter gram-force-meter · gram-force-centimeter kilogram-force-centimeter kilogram -force-meter kilopond-meter pound-force-foot pound-force-inch ounce-force-inch foot-pound inch-pound inch-ounce pound-foot therm therm (EEC) therm (USA) energy Hartree equivalent gigatons of oil equivalent megatons oil equivalent to a kilobarrel of oil equivalent to a billion barrels of oil kilogram of trinitrotoluene Planck energy kilogram reciprocal meter hertz gigahertz terahertz kelvin atomic mass unit

More about energy

General information

Energy is a physical quantity of great importance in chemistry, physics, and biology. Without it, life on earth and movement are impossible. In physics, energy is a measure of the interaction of matter, as a result of which work is performed or the transition of one type of energy to another occurs. In the SI system, energy is measured in joules. One joule is equal to the energy expended when moving a body one meter with a force of one newton.

Energy in physics

Kinetic and potential energy

Kinetic energy of a body of mass m, moving at speed v equal to the work done by a force to give a body speed v. Work here is defined as a measure of the force that moves a body over a distance s. In other words, it is the energy of a moving body. If the body is at rest, then the energy of such a body is called potential energy. This is the energy required to maintain the body in this state.

For example, when a tennis ball hits a racket in flight, it stops for a moment. This happens because the forces of repulsion and gravity cause the ball to freeze in the air. At this moment the ball has potential energy, but no kinetic energy. When the ball bounces off the racket and flies away, it, on the contrary, acquires kinetic energy. A moving body has both potential and kinetic energy, and one type of energy is converted into another. If, for example, you throw a stone up, it will begin to slow down as it flies. As this slows down, kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. This transformation occurs until the supply of kinetic energy runs out. At this moment the stone will stop and the potential energy will reach its maximum value. After this, it will begin to fall down with acceleration, and the energy conversion will occur in the reverse order. The kinetic energy will reach its maximum when the stone collides with the Earth.

The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy in a closed system is conserved. The energy of the stone in the previous example changes from one form to another, and therefore, although the amount of potential and kinetic energy changes during the flight and fall, the total sum of these two energies remains constant.

Energy production

People have long learned to use energy to solve labor-intensive tasks with the help of technology. Potential and kinetic energy are used to do work, such as moving objects. For example, the energy of river water flow has long been used to produce flour in water mills. As more people use technology, such as cars and computers, in their daily lives, the need for energy increases. Today, most energy is generated from non-renewable sources. That is, energy is obtained from fuel extracted from the depths of the Earth, and it is quickly used, but not renewed with the same speed. Such fuels include, for example, coal, oil and uranium, which is used in nuclear power plants. In recent years, the governments of many countries, as well as many international organizations, such as the UN, have made it a priority to study the possibilities of obtaining renewable energy from inexhaustible sources using new technologies. Many scientific studies are aimed at obtaining such types of energy at the lowest cost. Currently, sources such as solar, wind and waves are used to generate renewable energy.

Energy for domestic and industrial use is usually converted into electricity using batteries and generators. The first power plants in history generated electricity by burning coal or using the energy of water in rivers. Later they learned to use oil, gas, sun and wind to generate energy. Some large enterprises maintain their power plants on site, but most of the energy is produced not where it will be used, but in the power plants. Therefore, the main task of energy engineers is to convert the energy produced into a form that allows the energy to be easily delivered to the consumer. This is especially important when expensive or hazardous energy production technologies are used that require constant supervision by specialists, such as hydro and nuclear power. That is why electricity was chosen for domestic and industrial use, since it is easy to transmit with low losses over long distances via power lines.

Electricity is converted from mechanical, thermal and other types of energy. To do this, water, steam, heated gas or air drive turbines, which rotate generators, where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Steam is produced by heating water using heat produced by nuclear reactions or by burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are extracted from the depths of the Earth. These are gas, oil, coal and other combustible materials formed underground. Since their quantity is limited, they are classified as non-renewable fuels. Renewable energy sources are solar, wind, biomass, ocean energy, and geothermal energy.

In remote areas where there are no power lines, or where economic or political problems regularly cause power outages, portable generators and solar panels are used. Generators running on fossil fuels are especially often used both in everyday life and in organizations where electricity is absolutely necessary, for example, in hospitals. Typically, generators operate on piston engines, in which fuel energy is converted into mechanical energy. Also popular are uninterruptible power supply devices with powerful batteries that charge when electricity is supplied and release energy during outages.

Pulsed or constant light? That is the question

Very few photographers can answer the question - how to convert pulsed light into constant light. How to convert Watts to Joules? And if you add fluorescent or LED light to this, then the task becomes unsolvable.

Moreover, there is no solution to this problem even in theory. Although it seems that theoretically everything is considered simple: J is W per second. That is, a source of 200 W in 1 second produces energy equal to 200 J. That is, if you shoot with a shutter speed of 1 second, then there is no difference whether you shoot with a flash of 200 J or a constant source of 200 W. This is where the stunning trick from the manufacturers lies! They indicate the power consumed, not the power output.

A 200 W halogen light bulb and a 200 W fluorescent light bulb are different lamps and with the same electricity consumption, the fluorescent light bulb will produce 10 times more light in the visible range! Or not at ten, but only at 6?

This is where an insoluble question usually arises - how to compare the power of different devices? This knot cannot be untied, there are too many theoretical “ifs”, but it can be cut!

Let's imagine that we are photographers, we don't care about the temperature of the sources, or losses, whether the light is pulsed or constant. We have one device available - a flash meter, which will show, in fact, what will we get as photographers using this or that device?

You just need to put different studio equipment in the same conditions. It should be noted right away that due to the different sizes, it will not be possible to place the instruments in exactly the same conditions, but they will be enough for measurements.

We know that a flash meter is designed to measure the illumination of a single point, but the devices scatter light differently. Depending on the nozzle, the illumination will be different. And it’s difficult to put one attachment on an LED panel and a halogen illuminator. Therefore, we will make all the devices shine with diffused light through the same piece of fabric.

This will put all the instruments in an equal position, we will strengthen a piece of fabric so tightly that the instruments let in all their light only through it, and measure the aperture a meter from this device.

In principle, it is not so important what kind of devices will participate in the race. It doesn’t even matter if the device says 500 J, and it’s still a Broncolor generator or a Bowens monoblock. Halogen lamps need not be discussed or taken into account at all.

Studio equipment manufacturers do not produce lamps; they use lamps from several companies - most often Osram halogen lamps, sometimes Phillips. Flash tubes are most often Perkin Elmer. But that's how it is... lyrics.

To be objective, we will still name the participants who, by a lucky chance, ended up in a home photo studio:

1) - pulsed illuminator with 500 J power consumption

2) Hensel Expert Pro 500- it contains a 300 W pilot lamp, which is perfectly suitable for our task, since it will be tested together with

3) YongNuo YN-600 LED- LED illuminator with 600 LEDs with a power consumption of 36 W.

4) Canon 580 EX II- an on-camera flash with a guide number of 58. Also a kind of thing in itself, difficult to convert into Joules or Watts. And it also depends on the focal length.

All measurements were taken one meter from the scattering fabric.

If you analyze the numbers, then everything falls into place! And we can already draw conclusions.

Conclusion 1. As expected, the aperture when measuring a flash does not depend on the shutter speed, which is understandable in principle and follows from the physics of the process itself. An outbreak is a fast and finite process in time.

Conclusion 2. 600 LEDs are one step higher than 300 W of halogen, and therefore it is conditionally possible to equate 1 W of halogen to the luminosity of one LED. This is very rough, but very convenient for rough calculations.

Conclusion 3. If you need to shoot at 1/500 shutter speed, you really need a lot of constant light. For a lens with an aperture of 1.4 - a minimum of 2000 W, because you will not be shining from a distance of only 1 meter, and at 2 meters you will need 3-4 times more light.

Conclusion 4. The diffusion screen showed itself very well - getting a difference of 4/10 of a stop at different focal lengths with a Canon flash is a good indicator, which means that the calculations are correct up to half a stop. What is acceptable.

Conclusion 5. The Canon 580 EX II flash is 50-60 J of power. I won’t bore you with calculations!

Conclusion 6. The main conclusion!

How do you still convert W to J? Naturally, this can only be done at a certain shutter speed. If you are shooting handheld in a studio with fifty dollars (50 mm lens), then 1 J = 150 W of a halogen illuminator (if you have other calculations, write), or an illuminator with 150 LEDs.

At a shutter speed of 1/125 there will already be 300 W = 1 Juol.

The numbers look fantastic, but there is no escape from experimentation.

We will soon conduct tests using the same scale with an LED illuminator with a flat large LED Raylab LED-99. Follow Photogora news .

Grigory Vasiliev , photographer, specialist in “Studio equipment”