Plumbing

External and internal fire-fighting water supply. Fire water supply: basics and features of operation Fire service water

17.08.2023

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Fire-fighting water supply for buildings of any purpose, with various premises, is a complex of engineering equipment designed to deliver and supply water to sources of smoldering or open fire, in sufficient quantities with the required pressure to prevent and extinguish a fire.

Such water supply includes those that collect water from natural and artificially created reservoirs. Increasing pressure in the internal network after entering from or drinking, industrial water supply of settlements, industrial facilities, as well as the system of internal fire-fighting water supply (ERP), delivering water to fire hydrants, feeding.

Fire water supply to buildings, consisting in most cases of inextricably linked external and internal networks, is the most effective and efficient.

Characteristics of internal fire water supply

The internal fire water supply system consists of several elements:

  • Water pipes with fire hydrants installed on its pipe laying along the floors of buildings, building marks, with sets of hose lines consisting of hoses, trunks, stored near them in accordance with,.
  • buildings containing water, incl. with wetting agents, as well as foams of various expansion rates produced from aqueous solutions of firefighting foam concentrates; applied to fires using deluge, sprinkler, and compact foam generators.

Such automatic equipment includes,.

  • Water curtains, autonomously protecting construction, technological openings and airlock vestibules, which, due to the peculiarities of production, storage conditions, as well as replenishment of raw materials warehouses with finished products, cannot be closed with fire gates and doors.

Water curtains can be equipped with sprinkler, deluge irrigation heads, and can also be made with perforated dry pipes, which are also used for local fire extinguishing of bathhouses and saunas located in buildings protected by internal fire-fighting water supply.

With some degree of convention, it can also be attributed, which, according to what has been done, are often equipped with building premises, because they are more than 90% filled with water.

  • Internal fire water supply system, installed in public and industrial buildings, for which automatic water fire extinguishing installations are not required by standards.

Composition of internal fire-fighting water supply

  • Shut-off, control and measuring valves assembly at the entrance to the building.
  • Pumping station , necessary to increase pressure when there is insufficient pressure of water taken from external networks. It is placed either in a separate room or in a boiler room, boiler room, heating, or water distribution point.
  • Water pressure or hydropneumatic tank , containing the supply of water necessary to begin extinguishing before starting the pumps. If the automatic start of the fire pump is guaranteed, it is permissible not to design it.
  • Distribution vertical risers , horizontal sections of pipelines, design, installation of which is carried out taking into account the optimal locations for placing PCs on the floors of buildings. If the building is higher than 6 floors, then it is necessary to ring the fire risers of the general drinking and fire-fighting water supply system.

As required by the standards, ERV pipelines are installed only from metal products, in contrast to those using water, for which it is permissible to use plastic products, for example, fire-resistant polypropylene reinforced with fiberglass or.

  • Internal fire hydrants , installed in accessible places, according to the calculation, so that it is possible to irrigate any point in the protected premises of the building with one or more jets, depending on the requirements - the set of fire safety rules for the internal fire water supply.

The optimal PC installation height is 1.35 m from the floor. Let's assume the installation of paired taps - side by side, one above the other. The location of fire hydrants should always be displayed on.

  • Manual fire nozzles and hoses with connecting heads, placed in fire cabinets near shut-off valves PC in fire cabinets.
  • Buttons for manually starting fire pumps installed near all PCs of the building, as well as blocking the electric drive of the ERV valve with fire alarm installations with smoke sensors, heat detectors in their loops, which significantly increases the reliability of the start-up.

The ERW of the building must always be in a fully equipped, operational condition to ensure the elimination or localization of the fire, to enable people in the building to leave it using the. During the repair of this water supply system, additional safety measures should be taken and the fire safety regime should be strengthened.

Sources of internal fire water supply

  • , reservoirs with , which can be located both inside protected buildings and outside in insulated containers with a stationary pipeline system installed for supplying water to buildings, the parameters of which in each specific case are determined by design calculations based on the required volume, pressure, total flow rate if available as ERW and automatic fire extinguishing installations.
  • External networks of drinking, household, fire-fighting water supply to populated areas, industrial water supply systems providing process water to industrial enterprises.

The first type of sources of internal fire-fighting water supply, based on the location of production, warehouse or agricultural enterprises, the lack of engineering infrastructure, is used for objects located outside the boundaries of settlements; and the second for buildings in cities and towns with an extensive centralized network of external water supply.

However, there are exceptions; for example, at large enterprises, local external industrial water supply networks serve as sources for internal water supply intended to fight fire.

Requirements of regulatory documents and design standards

There are a number of official documents relating to the design, installation, and operation of all components of water supply systems for buildings, which set out the requirements for internal fire water supply:

  • in Art. 86 establishes that the internal fire water supply of buildings and structures must provide the water flow required by the standards to extinguish a fire in them, and the number of internal water supply systems must be such as to meet the fire extinguishing purposes.
  • on the internal water supply of buildings, including fire-fighting water supply systems.
  • , establishing specific fire safety requirements for the internal fire water supply of buildings.
  • on the design of automatic fire extinguishing installations in buildings, incl. sprinkler, deluge, supplying finely atomized water.
  • in terms of equipping ERW for public buildings, structures, and residential apartment buildings.
  • – on the requirements for pressure fire hoses, their testing methods; and – the same for connecting heads and fire cabinets, respectively.
  • – the same applies to automatic water fire extinguishing installations.

These regulatory documents are taken into account not only during design, but also during operation, as well as regular checks of the serviceability of ERVs and water outlets of protected buildings. Considering the huge volume of detailed information set out in this fire safety regulatory and technical base, the exact requirements for each type of such fire water supply systems, there is no point in trying to retell them within the framework of one article.

It is worth contacting them when designing ERW, water fire extinguishing systems for buildings, at the stages of preparation for performance checks together with representatives of specialized enterprises that have license permits from the Ministry of Emergency Situations for the right to carry out such types of work on technical service and repair.

Checking the functionality of the internal fire water supply

Inspection of internal fire water supply is regulated by several paragraphs of Section I “ » , which specifies the following requirements related to the operation of internal fire water supply:

  • Clause 23 “g” prohibits the placement of any equipment, furnishings, or storage of goods on the approaches to ERW fire hydrants, primary ones, incl. to carbon dioxide, powder, and halon fire extinguishers, which can be used to eliminate fires that cannot be dealt with using the supplied water.
  • Clause 55 indicates to the heads of enterprises and organizations the need for constant serviceability of ERW, organizing its inspections annually, at least twice - in spring and autumn, with filling out the forms of the relevant acts.
  • clause 57 - for the mandatory equipment of each PC of the protected building with valves, a set of fire hose connected to the shut-off valve of the faucet and a hand barrel. Such kits must be located inside closed, sealed fire cabinets made of non-combustible materials, the doors of which must open no less than 90˚; and during operation, the fire hose must be re-rolled at least once a year.
  • clause 59 – on ensuring constant serviceability, conducting at least twice a year performance checks of ERV valves equipped with an electric drive; and fire pumps/stations – monthly.

Based on the results of the tests performed, relevant supporting documents are drawn up.

A sample of an inspection report, tests of ERV for performance, a test report for ERW for water loss, a test report for serviceability of ERV valves can be found in Appendices 1–3 to.

Technical service of water fire extinguishing installations is carried out in accordance with the appendix. 1 shows the recommended form of the operational log for fire automatic systems.

Water supply plays a major role in fire fighting and should initially be designed for emergency connection in such conditions. This requires a stable availability of water in sufficient volumes and easy accessibility regardless of time. Two criteria on which the correct functioning in case of fire significantly depends.

According to its purpose, water supply can be divided into three areas:

  • Use in the household and as a drink,
  • For production needs,
  • Fire prevention work.

A water supply network is necessary for the uninterrupted and reliable use of water resources in all spheres of human life.

The water supply system includes:

  • Cleaning facilities,
  • Water tanks,
  • Pumping stations of two lift levels,
  • Water supply networks.

Main types

Natural and artificial

Natural- this is a lake, river, pond, sea, reservoir, etc. that is not created by human hands. But it is important when organizing freely accessible water intake. To do this, it is important to take into account the depth and purity of the reservoir, as well as the drying up of sources.

Artificial– this is the use of fire system tanks. When constructing any buildings, water supply access for fire protection measures must be taken into account.

There are certain rules for construction based on the presence of water supply:

  • At a height of over a twelve-story building,
  • In any public premises or dormitories,
  • In office and similar buildings from six floors,
  • In warehouses and production facilities,
  • In all clubs, cinemas and other public institutions,
  • For industrial buildings larger than 5000 cubic meters.

Indoor and outdoor

Both methods show the placement of water for access in case of fire. Each of them is effective in its own respects. For internal water supply, access should be in easy places for connection: in corridors, on staircases and lobbies. A proportional hose length is required for all fire hydrants, as is the valve diameter and fire hose lock. If the building is larger in height and volume than the norm, but these two types are used.

High and low pressure when supplying water

When the water supply is high, the pumps are turned on in advance, at least 5-10 minutes in advance, as they create the necessary water pressure. Low pressure has a jet of two and a half liters per second, a height of over 10 meters. When choosing these types, it is taken into account which building design needs to be extinguished.

Auxiliary elements for fire extinguishing:

Water tower

This is a reservoir for storing liquid, it is used in fires to extinguish. The tower controls the waste of water in the networks and regulates the pressure of the jet. They are built at the beginning of the chain and at the end of the network. The design of a water tower consists of a water tank itself and a trunk for support. To prevent water from freezing during low temperature fluctuations, it is covered with a special tent.

If the water hardens, it will expand the walls of the storage and begin to flow out. The height and volume depend on the local topography. Water tanks are also being built to extinguish any individual building for at least two hours. These structures have special measuring equipment to understand how much water they have.

Fire hydrates

This element is used to collect water and extinguish fire. The method of use depends on its location, either connected to a fire hose or for filling with water.

Aboveground hydrates are located above the ground level and are represented by a column with an installation head, on which there is a thread for connecting a hose or a lock. Hydrants are installed in mounted wells to conveniently check the operation of all connections, seals and flanges, this allows for prompt maintenance and monitoring of the system.

Pumping stations

They are used to pump water resources through the system to obtain the required pressure and pressure. There are entire pumping stations, which are built in the form of a small building with a complex of pipelines and power supplies. Such rooms are equipped with devices for calculating the pressure created by the pump and for measuring the discharge of water during intake. The location must correspond to the accessibility of use, thereby ensuring the correct functioning of the pumping stations.

Water occupies one of the main places in human life; in order to create comfortable conditions in the home, a water supply system is necessary. In addition, it ensures safety in case of fires and fires by extinguishing them. At the moment, a developed network of water pipelines provides certain guarantees of a successful outcome in emergency situations.

Fire water supply- this is a system of devices for supplying water to the site of a fire in sufficient quantities and with a given pressure (Fig. 56). It includes an alluvial station that takes water from a source (well, artificial or natural reservoir), a network of pipelines and devices that ensure water delivery:

– to fire hydrants (Fig. 57), located along the external fire water supply network and intended for extinguishing buildings from the outside (external fire extinguishing);

– to fire hydrants and water supply network devices located inside buildings (internal fire water supply), intended for extinguishing fires inside buildings;

– for automatic and semi-automatic fire extinguishing systems - sprinkler (Fig. 58) and deluge (Fig. 59) networks (mainly for indoor extinguishing).

Rice. 56. Fire water supply


Rice. 57. Fire hydrant

Rice. 58. Fire sprinkler system


Rice. 59. Deluge fire extinguishing network

External fire-fighting networks, as a rule, are combined with domestic and drinking water supply (less stagnation of water in pipelines and, therefore, less corrosion and wear, greater durability; lower costs for the manufacture and installation of networks).

The parameters of the elements of a combined fire-household-drinking water supply system are calculated (power of the pumping station, pressure, volume of supplied water per unit of time, pipeline diameter, etc.) from the condition of water consumption for all these needs simultaneously according to SP 8.13130.2009 and SP 10.13130. 2009 taking into account: fire resistance of buildings (lower degree of fire resistance - higher consumption), categories of premises and buildings according to fire hazard (higher category - higher consumption), width of buildings (over 60 m - higher consumption), the number of simultaneously operating fire extinguishing jets inside the building ( for industrial buildings - from two to four jets) with a water flow rate for all jets from 5 to 100 l/s.

When calculating water consumption, the possibility of starting and extinguishing two fires at once is additionally taken into account. Two fires should be counted on if the area of ​​the enterprise is more than 150 hectares, or if the combined fire water supply (drinking-fire-service) serves not only the enterprise, but also a village with a population of over 10 thousand people.

The water supply must ensure fire extinguishing for at least 3 hours (for buildings of fire resistance degrees I and II with non-combustible load-bearing structures and fire hazard categories G and D - 2 hours, timber warehouses - 5 hours).

Fire water supply can be performed at low and high pressure.

Low pressure water supply must provide free pressure (height of a compact stream of water) at ground level of at least 10 m. Water from it is supplied to the fire site using auto pumps and motor pumps.

High pressure water supply must provide pressure for direct supply of water to the combustion zone. In this case, the height of the compact jet must be at least 20 m at full flow rate and the fire nozzle is located at the level of the highest point of the tallest building. Fire water supply systems are usually created at low pressure; high pressure - created only with appropriate justification. Increased pressure in the internal fire extinguishing water supply is created using additional pumps installed in buildings and turned on only during a fire.

The free pressure in the combined water supply network should not exceed 60 m, and the hydrostatic pressure at the lowest point of the water supply system should not exceed 0.45 MPa. Exceeding these values ​​threatens the possibility of rupture of pipes, threaded connections, shut-off and water fittings, fire hoses, and also makes it very difficult to control manual fire nozzles (the jet thrust is high, it is very difficult to hold the fire nozzle).

The external fire-fighting water supply network is usually of the ring type. It should be placed at a distance no closer than 5 m from buildings and no more than 2.5 m from the side of roads. Water intake hydrants are installed on the network in such a quantity as to ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure, object or part thereof from at least two hydrants (if the required water flow for external fire extinguishing is 15 l/s or more) or from one hydrant (less than 15 l /s) taking into account the maximum length of the laid hose lines 100-200 m (depending on the type of fire equipment connected to the hydrant).

Fire hydrants must always be in good condition, and in winter - insulated and cleared of snow and ice. Appropriate signs (volumetric with a lamp or flat with a reflective coating, resistant to atmospheric influences) must be installed at hydrants and in the direction of movement towards them. They must be marked with numbers indicating the distance to the hydrant.

The diameter of the pipes of the combined external water supply in cities and on the territory of production facilities must be at least 100 mm, and in rural settlements - at least 75 mm.

If obtaining the estimated amount of water directly from the water supply source (well with a pumping station) is impossible or economically unfeasible, then the water supply system provides special reservoirs, artificial reservoirs (at least two), each of which must contain at least 50% of the required (calculated) volume of water.

The fire volume of water in the tanks of water towers must ensure that one fire can be extinguished outside and inside the building within 10 minutes, while simultaneously using the greatest amount of water for other needs.

The maximum period for restoring the fire volume of water should be for industrial enterprises with premises of fire hazard categories A, B, C - 24 hours, D and D - 36 hours; for settlements and agricultural enterprises - 72 hours.

Reservoirs (lakes, rivers, artificial ponds) from which water is drawn for fire fighting must be equipped with an entrance with hard-surfaced platforms (piers) measuring at least 12 ´ 12 m for installation of fire trucks on them at any time of the year.

Fire tanks or artificial ponds placed on the condition that each fire must be extinguished from at least two adjacent reservoirs, taking into account the service radius: 200 m - if water is supplied to extinguish the fire by auto pumps (fire trucks) and 100 m - by motor pumps. But these tanks should not be closer than 30 m from buildings of fire resistance degrees III and V and 10 m from buildings of fire resistance degrees I and II. Otherwise, in conditions of fire and high temperature, it will be impossible to place firefighting equipment between the tanks and burning buildings.

If it is difficult to directly draw water from a fire reservoir or reservoir using autopumps or motor pumps, receiving wells with a volume of 3-5 m 3 should be provided near them, connected to the reservoir by a pipeline with a diameter of at least 200 mm. On the pipeline itself, in front of the receiving well, a well with a valve is installed, the steering wheel from which is brought out under the manhole cover.

Internal fire extinguishing is carried out from fire hydrants installed inside buildings in the parking areas of the internal fire water supply in fire cabinets. Each fire hydrant (fire cabinet) is equipped with a fire hose 10, 15 or 20 m long and a fire nozzle. The fire hose must be connected to the valve and fire nozzle.

Fire hydrants(fire cabinets) are placed at a height of 1.35 + 0.15 m above the floor (for ease of use). Fire cabinets must have openings for ventilation and devices for sealing. It is desirable that the doors of fire cabinets have a transparent insert for visual inspection of the configuration. At least once a year, it is necessary to roll the fire hose onto a new slope to avoid damage to the hose at the bends, and check the condition of the fire hydrants at least once every six months.

Fire cabinets provide the possibility of placing hand-held fire extinguishers, means of protection and rescue of people (automatic rope release device, 2-3 self-rescuers, first aid kit, set of non-mechanized firefighting tools).

When determining the installation locations of fire hydrants (fire cabinets), it is assumed that in industrial and public buildings each point in the room should be irrigated with at least two jets: one and two adjacent risers, i.e. from two different fire cabinets, taking into account the length fire hoses used. They are installed mainly at entrances, on the landings of heated staircases, in lobbies, corridors, passages and other most accessible places. But their location should not interfere with the evacuation of people in case of fire.

On the doors of fire cabinets there are instructions on the procedure for opening them, on the contents and procedure for using the fire extinguishing means contained in them, means of protecting and rescuing people, and on the procedure for turning on the booster pump. In addition, the serial number of the fire cabinet, the abbreviation of the fire hydrant “PK”, fire safety signs indicating the fire hydrant, and fire extinguishers are applied to the outside of the door. The color of the fire cabinet is red.

If there is a constant or periodic lack of water in the internal fire-fighting water supply system, it is necessary to install fire pumping units that increase the pressure. They are located in rooms made of non-combustible materials on the first and not lower than the first underground floors of buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance. Starting pumping units can be manual, remote (start buttons are located in cabinets near fire hydrants), or automatic.

The signal from the automatic or remote control must be sent to the fire pumping units after automatically checking the water pressure in the system. If there is sufficient pressure, the start-up should be automatically canceled until the pressure drops, requiring the pumps to be turned on. Excessive pressure increases can damage the plumbing system and the building may be left without water. The fire station room (or other room with people occupied around the clock) simultaneously with the remote or automatic activation of pumps, as well as their emergency shutdown, must receive light and sound signals to alert the personnel on duty.

Boost pumps must be provided with a power supply of increased reliability. In case of a sudden shutdown of the main source of electricity, another backup, independent source of power must be introduced. With an estimated water flow of more than 2.5 l/s, the transition to the second source should occur automatically (I reliability category), and with a water flow of up to 2.5 l/s - by manual activation or start (II category).

Regulatory documents allow the provision of natural or artificial reservoirs as sources of external fire-fighting water supply for settlements with a population of up to 5 thousand people. It is allowed not to provide fire-fighting water supply for settlements with a population of up to 50 people. when building with buildings up to two floors high, for industrial buildings of I and II degree of fire resistance with a volume of up to 1000 m 3 (except for buildings with unprotected metal or wooden load-bearing structures, as well as with polymer insulation with a volume of up to 250 m 3) with fire category D production and explosion and fire hazards, etc.

Internal fire water supply is not required to be provided in residential buildings with up to 12 floors, in administrative buildings of industrial enterprises, dormitories and public buildings with a volume of up to 5000 m 3 , office buildings with a height of up to 6 floors, in industrial and warehouse buildings with a volume of up to 2500 m 3 and some others.

4.7. Notification system
and management of evacuation of people in case of fire

Warning and evacuation management system(SOUE) is a set of measures and technical means designed to timely inform people about the occurrence of a fire, the need to evacuate, the routes and order of evacuation. This is achieved by one of the following methods or a combination of them:

1) supply of light, sound and (or) speech signals to all premises with permanent or temporary occupancy of people;

2) broadcast of specially developed texts about the need for evacuation, evacuation routes, direction of movement and other actions to ensure the safety of people and prevent panic in the event of a fire;

3) placement and lighting of fire safety signs on evacuation routes within the standard time;

4) turning on evacuation (emergency) lighting;

5) remote opening of emergency exit door locks;

6) providing communication between the fire post (control room) and fire warning zones, etc.

According to SP 3.13130.2009 “Warning and management system for evacuation of people in case of fire”, the sound level of SOUE sound annunciators must be 15 dBA higher than the standard noise level in the protected room and at least 75 dBA at a distance of 3 m from the siren, but not more than 120 dBA anywhere in the protected premises.

The fire alarm system should turn on automatically when a signal is received from automatic fire alarm or fire extinguishing installations. Remote, manual, local activation of the fire alarm system may be provided if the building (structure), in accordance with regulatory requirements, is not intended to be equipped with automatic fire alarm or fire extinguishing systems.

Location of buttons for manual activation of the SOUE(“panic” buttons) should be indicated on fire evacuation plans. The instructions for these plans must contain information about who has the right to activate the panic buttons.

The procedure for the action of the security post personnel on duty when the emergency warning system is triggered must be set out in the instructions posted at the security post.

Depending on the notification method, division of the building into warning zones and other characteristics, the SOUE is divided into five types, shown in Table. 12.

Table 12. Main types of SOUE and their characteristics

Characteristics of SOUE Availability of the specified characteristics in various types of SOUE
Notification method
sound (siren, tinted signal, etc.) + + * * *
speech (transmission of special texts) - - + + +
light
a) flashing light alarms; * * * * *
b) light annunciators “Exit” * + + + +
d) light annunciators indicating the direction of movement of people, with a changing semantic meaning - - - * +
Dividing the building into fire warning zones - - * + +
Feedback of fire warning zones to the fire post premises - control room - - * + +
Possibility of implementing several evacuation options from each fire warning zone - - - * +
Coordinated control from one fire control room post of all building systems related to ensuring the safety of people in case of fire - - - - +

Note:“+” - required; “*” - allowed; "-" - not required.

Buildings are equipped with a fire alarm system of the appropriate type in accordance with SP 3.13130.2009. For example, one-story industrial and warehouse buildings, car parks of all fire hazard categories must be equipped with fire alarm system of the 1st type, categories A, B with a number of floors from 2 to 6 - type 3, categories B with a number of floors from 2 to 8 - 2- th type, etc.

Design, installation and maintenance of SOUE are carried out by specialized organizations that have the appropriate licenses.

4.8. Automatic fire extinguishing systems
and fire alarm

Automatic fire extinguishing installations (AUP) are designed for automatic detection and extinguishing of fire in its initial stage with simultaneous giving of a fire alarm signal.

Automatic fire alarm installations (AUPS) are designed to detect a fire in its initial stage, report the location of its occurrence, and send an appropriate signal to the security post (duty post).

The current practice of designing AUP and AUPS is such that the AUP simultaneously performs the functions of an AUPS. AUP and AUPS systems protect buildings, premises in which flammable and combustible substances are stored or used, valuable equipment and raw materials, warehouses for petroleum products, varnishes, paints, book depositories, museums, electronic computer facilities, etc.

Sensors that respond to fire factors (fire, smoke, gas, increased air temperature, increased rate of growth of any factor, etc.) in AUP and AUPS systems are fire detectors (FD). PI is installed in the premises to be protected. In the event of a fire, the PI sends a signal to the fire alarm control device and to the control device. There, the signal is processed and sent to the fire department post (or to the duty personnel post), where it informs about the situation that has arisen, indicating the room and area where the PI was working.

When two or more PIs are triggered simultaneously (and they are usually placed in each room at least two), the control devices, depending on the program embedded in them: turn on the warning system and control the evacuation of people in case of fire (SOUE), turn off the power supply to the process equipment, turn on the smoke removal systems, close the doors of the room where the fire that has arisen is supposed to be extinguished with gas fire extinguishing agent, and at the same time delay the release of the fire extinguishing agent for the time during which people must leave this room, and if necessary, turn off the ventilation; in the event of a power failure, the system is transferred to a backup power source and a command is given to release the fire extinguishing agent into the combustion zone.

The choice of one or another type of PI depends on the predominant type of fire factors occurring (smoke, flame, etc.). For example, in accordance with SP 5.13130.2009, industrial buildings containing wood, synthetic resins or fibers, polymer materials, textiles, rubber products are protected with smoke and thermal PIs; premises with computer equipment, radio equipment, administrative and public buildings - smoke detectors, etc.

The number of automatic fire detectors installed in one protected room depends on the area of ​​this room, ceiling height, average area controlled by the selected PIs, the distance between PIs and the distance to the wall. For example, point smoke detectors with a height of the protected room up to 3.5 m control each area up to 85 m2, and can be installed at a distance of 9.0 m from each other, and 4.5 m from the wall.

AUP are subdivided by design:

– on sprinkler systems (see Fig. 58),

– deluge (see Fig. 59),

– sprinkler-drencher,

– modular;

by type of fire extinguishing agent used:

– water (including with finely sprayed water, drops - up to 100 microns),

– foam (including high-expansion foam),

– gas (using carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, various refrigerants, etc.),

– powder (modular),

– aerosol fire extinguishing,

– combined fire extinguishing.

The type of fire extinguishing and alarm installation or their combination, the extinguishing method, and the type of fire protection equipment are determined by the design organization for each facility individually. This organization must have the appropriate license to design, install and maintain such systems. The register of these organizations is maintained by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. After the fire automatics installations are put into operation, the head of the organization, by his order (instruction), appoints persons responsible for their operation (usually these are employees of the departments of the chief mechanic, chief power engineer, and instrumentation service).

Daily round-the-clock monitoring of the operation of the automatic fire control system and automatic fire control system is carried out by operational duty personnel (shift service, fire station), who must know the procedure for calling the fire department, the name and location of the premises protected by fire automatic fire control systems (aumatic fire control system, automatic fire control system), the procedure for maintaining operational documentation and determining the operability of these systems .

CONCLUSION

The academic discipline “Fire Safety” is a discipline of the professional cycle in the State educational standard of higher professional education in the preparation of bachelors in the areas of undergraduate studies 03/20/01 “Technosphere Safety” and 03/18/02 “Energy and resource-saving processes in chemical technology, petrochemistry and biotechnology”. When studying this discipline, students will become familiar with the fire hazardous properties of substances and materials, classifications of fires, technological environments, building materials, buildings; learn about the fire safety system, rules and possibilities for organizing a fire safety regime at the enterprise; master the fire detection and extinguishing system. The manual will allow you to find out what means are used to extinguish fires, what elements a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher consists of and what is the principle of its operation; familiarize yourself with firefighting equipment, warning systems and evacuation management in the event of a fire.

After studying the discipline “Fire Safety”, the student must know statistical information about the occurrence of fires in the Russian Federation, the number of dead and injured people, material damage caused by fires; what a fire is and what are the conditions for its occurrence at work, at home, in the forest; classification of fire hazardous areas, technological environments, building materials and buildings for fire safety, their categorization; procedure for action in case of fire, procedure for the fire safety regime of the enterprise, liability for violation of fire safety requirements. In addition, after studying the theoretical part, the student must master the practical skills of assessing the fire hazard of production areas, premises, buildings, and territories; using different types of fire extinguishers; methods of writing instructions on fire safety measures, conducting fire safety briefings, developing schematic plans for evacuating people in case of fires, self-rescue in case of fire and rescuing other people and property.

All of the above will allow us to prepare bachelors with modern knowledge and practical skills in the field of fire safety.

At manufacturing enterprises, this is often carried out by using water, for which purpose a fire-fighting water supply system operates on the territory of the facility. It is usually combined with drinking water or industrial water supply. The water pressure in the fire water supply can be high or low. In the first case, water supply is carried out through the integrated use of hydrants and permanent fire pumps. Low pressure water pipelines are equipped with motor pumps or mobile pumps. The water pressure must ensure a jet length of at least 10 m at the highest point of the facility and at ground level, respectively, in high and low pressure water supply systems (formation of two jets with a power of 2.5 l/sec or one supplied along a fire hose 100 m long, with sprays of 19 and diameter 66 mm).

To ensure a stable pressure level near fire hydrants and taps, water pressure devices, pneumatic tanks or pneumatic water installations are installed, based on the time parameters for extinguishing the fire for at least 10 minutes.

Features of ring and branched water supply networks

Water supply structures are designed taking into account maximum water flow rates, taking into account technical and economic parameters and the required degree of water pressure at the most distant points water collection. At enterprises where there is a high risk of fire, a separate firefighter water pipes, at other facilities it is combined with the water supply network for domestic and technical use.

Usually mounted ring water pipelines, since dead-end water pipes limit the area of ​​use to individual objects, and their length does not exceed 200 m. If the length of dead-end water pipes is greater, the presence of reservoirs or reservoirs for fire protection is mandatory. Disadvantage dead-end water pipeline is the failure of the entire section outside the location where the pipe damage occurred. If fire water supplies are located outside, measures must be taken to ensure they do not freeze during the cold season.

Ring water supply consists of water tanks, hydrants, and a pumping station, which are connected to the city highway. Ring water supply networks make it possible to disconnect emergency places and areas; they minimize the force of water hammer, since water circulates freely in various directions. Internal fire water supply, as a rule, closed, due to the fact that it is connected to an external network.

Auxiliary parts of water supply networks for fire protection purposes

Hydrants On underground highways there are two types - underground and aboveground. Underground ones do not require winter insulation and do not block the path on the territory of the enterprise, but their installation requires time and the installation of a stander that supplies water from a hydrant is required. Above-ground hydrants take up space on the property and require insulation. The distance between hydrants should not exceed 100 m, to objects and intersections - at least 5 m, 2 m to the edge of the road.

On internal networks connected to the external water supply, two inputs are installed. Fire hydrants usually installed in corridors, landings or staircases in heated rooms. If the water supply is installed in a room without heating, it is equipped with gate valves and drain valves. A hose with a fire hose is attached to the internal fire hydrant, which can be used by plant workers. Fire hydrants must be equipped with inscriptions such as “PK No.”, which are placed on the cabinets where they are located. Hydrants are intended exclusively for use by professional firefighters.

Sprinkler and deluge systems can be either an auxiliary or the main type of equipment for extinguishing fire in enterprises, therefore water supply sources replace or complement their action.

Calculation of the amount of water for fire extinguishing

When designing, constructing or reconstructing industrial facilities, water consumption standards for extinguishing fire are taken into account. The systems to which water is supplied are of two types - natural and artificial. It is advisable to arrange the first ones when there are various natural water sources, artificial ones - when it is possible to supply water from fire tanks or local water supply.

According to the requirements of SP 8.13130.2009, the amount of water needed to extinguish a fire is calculated. It depends on the fire resistance of buildings, the fire hazard category, the volume of the room and ranges from 36 to 144 m 3 / h or 10 - 40 l / sec. If the area on which the enterprise is located is less than 150 hectares, it is allowed that one fire may occur on it at the same time, if more, two. For some types of economic facilities, state fire control authorities make an individual calculation of the number of probable fires and the water required to eliminate them. Water of almost any quality is used to extinguish fire. If enterprises in terms of fire hazard fall into categories A, B and C, the renewal period fire water supply up to 24 hours, categories G and D – no more than 36 hours.

In the process of extinguishing fire, linemen use mobile equipment, supplying water through pump-hose systems. Stationary installations make it possible to eliminate fire, turning on the water automatically, semi-automatically or manually (regular, water-foam or water-chemical solutions). They also actively use equipment for irrigation facilities and creating water curtains, filling steel structures. When extinguishing fire in buildings with a height of no more than 50 m, the minimum number of jets is two (each 2.5 l/s), at higher heights - 8 (5 l/s).

Sources of water supply and supply

Pumping stations supply water with the required pressure parameters thanks to the combination of energy and mechanical systems. They are divided into several categories, which differ in the factor of interruption of water supply (a break is not allowed or is possible for a short or daily period). Fire-fighting pumping stations can belong to different reliability categories: if the second category requires the presence of reservoirs with a supply of water, the third includes stations where water flow is up to 20 l/s, then the first category includes stations where these requirements are excluded. Reservoirs for firefighting needs, they come in different shapes (rectangular and round), recess (underground and semi-underground), made of concrete or reinforced concrete, open and closed, free-flow and pressure.

If the enterprise has a high-pressure water supply system, the pressure usually increases only during a fire. Otherwise, it will be equipped with a water tower or pneumatic installation. Typically low pressure hydrants are used when there is fire station, in which there are cars and motor pumps. If there is no depot near the enterprise, then pumping stations are equipped with fire pumps of the appropriate diameter. The volume of tanks located on the territory of the enterprise must be sufficient to extinguish the fire for at least 3 hours.

One of the options for creating emergency supplies of water for fire needs is the construction water tower. Towers can be tented or tentless. The second option is acceptable at an ambient temperature not lower than -25 C and the water in the tower is changed at least 2 times a day, or at –15 C, with the condition of replacing the water once a day (even when supplied from an open source). There must always be an emergency supply of water in the tower tank for firefighting needs.

Thus, the type of production of the enterprise, the features of its water supply and economic parameters determine the need for a separate or combined water supply network for extinguishing fire.

Installation of external water supply

The construction of an external fire-fighting water supply is determined by the need to serve as a water source for fire equipment that supplies water for fire extinguishing purposes.
SNiP 2.04.02-84 “Water supply. external networks and structures” regulate the procedure for designing centralized permanent external water supply systems for populated areas and national economic facilities and establish requirements for their parameters.

Water consumption for fire extinguishing

Fire-fighting water supply must be provided in populated areas and at national economic facilities and, as a rule, combined with household and drinking or industrial water supply.

It is allowed to accept external fire-fighting water supply from containers (reservoirs, reservoirs) for:
— settlements with a population of up to 5 thousand people;
- detached public buildings with a volume of up to 1000 m 3 located in settlements that do not have a ring fire water supply;
- buildings with a volume of St. 1000 m 3 - in agreement with the territorial bodies of the State Border Service;
— industrial buildings with production categories B, D and D with a water consumption for external fire extinguishing of 10 l/s; roughage warehouses with a volume of up to 1000 m 3 ;
— storehouses of mineral fertilizers with a building volume of up to 5000 m 3 ;
— buildings of radio and television transmitting stations; buildings for refrigerators and storages of vegetables and fruits.

It is allowed not to provide fire-fighting water supply:
— settlements with a population of up to 50 people.
- when developing buildings up to two floors high;
- detached, located outside populated areas, public catering establishments (canteens, snack bars, cafes, etc.) with a building volume of up to 1000 m 3 and trade enterprises with an area of ​​up to 150 m 3 (with the exception of department store stores), as well as public buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a volume of up to 250 m3 located in populated areas;
- industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a volume of up to 1000 m3 (with the exception of buildings with unprotected metal or wooden load-bearing structures, as well as with polymer insulation with a volume of up to 250 m3) with production facilities of category D;
- factories for the production of reinforced concrete products and ready-mixed concrete with buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, located in populated areas equipped with water supply networks, subject to the placement of hydrants at a distance of no more than 200 m from the most distant building of the plant;
— seasonal universal receiving points for agricultural products with a building volume of up to 1000 m 3 ;
— buildings for warehouses of combustible materials and non-combustible materials in combustible packaging with an area of ​​up to 50 m 3.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing (per fire) of residential and public buildings for calculating the connecting and distribution lines of the water supply network, as well as the water supply network within a microdistrict or block, should be taken for the building that requires the highest water consumption, according to Table. 6 SNiP 2.04.02-84 (from 10 to 35 l/s depending on the number of floors and volume of buildings).
Water consumption for external fire extinguishing at industrial and agricultural enterprises per fire should be taken for the building that requires the highest water consumption, according to Table. 7 SNiP 2.04.02-84 (from 10 to 40 l/s depending on the degree of fire resistance, category and volume of industrial buildings with or without lanterns up to 60 m wide) or table. 8 SNiP 2.04.02-84 (from 10 to 100 l/s depending on the category and volume of industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance without skylights with a width of 60 m or more).

For one-, two-story industrial and one-story warehouse buildings with a height (from the floor to the bottom of horizontal load-bearing structures on a support) no more than 18 m with load-bearing steel structures (with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.25 hours) and enclosing structures (walls and coverings) made of steel profiled or asbestos-cement sheets with combustible or polymer insulation, in places where external fire escapes are located, risers-dry pipes with a diameter of 80 mm, equipped with fire connection heads at the upper and lower ends of the riser, must be provided.

Note. For buildings with a width of no more than 24 m and a height to the eaves of no more than 10 m, dry pipe risers may not be provided.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of open storage areas for containers with cargo up to 5 tons should be taken based on the number of containers:
— from 30 to 50 pcs. - 15 l/s;
— more than 50 to 100 pcs. - 20 l/s;
— more than 100 to 300 pcs. - 25 l/s;
— more than 300 to 1000 pcs. - 40 l/s.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing with foam installations, installations with fire monitors or by supplying sprayed water must be determined in accordance with fire safety requirements provided for by the building design standards of enterprises, buildings and structures of relevant industries, taking into account additional water consumption of 25% from hydrants. In this case, the total water consumption must be no less than the consumption determined according to the table. 7 or 8 SNiP 2.04.02-84.
For fire extinguishing buildings equipped with internal fire hydrants, additional water consumption must be taken into account in addition to the costs indicated in table. 5-8, which should be adopted for buildings that require the highest water consumption in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-84.
The duration of fire extinguishing should be 3 hours; for buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with fireproof load-bearing structures and insulation with production of categories G and D - 2 hours.
The minimum free pressure in the water supply network of a populated area with maximum domestic and drinking water consumption at the entrance to the building above the ground surface should be taken for a one-story building of at least 10 m; for a higher number of floors, 4 m should be added to each floor.
The free pressure in the low-pressure fire-fighting water supply network (at ground level) during fire extinguishing must be at least 10 m. The free pressure in the high-pressure fire-fighting water supply network must ensure a compact jet height of at least 10 m with full water consumption for fire extinguishing and the location of the fire nozzle on level with the highest point of the tallest building.

The maximum free pressure in the combined water supply network should not exceed 60 m.

In pumping stations with internal combustion engines, it is allowed to place consumable containers with liquid fuel (gasoline up to 250 l, diesel fuel up to 500 l) in rooms separated from the machine room by fireproof structures with a fire resistance limit of at least 2 hours.
Fire water supply pumping stations may be located in industrial buildings, but they must be separated by fire partitions.

Fire hydrants (FH)

Fire hydrants should be provided along highways at a distance of no more than 2.5 m from the edge of the roadway, but no closer than 5 m from the walls of buildings; It is allowed to place hydrants on the roadway. In this case, the installation of hydrants on a branch from the water supply line is not allowed.
The placement of GHGs on the water supply network must ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure or part thereof served by this network from at least two hydrants with a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 15 l/s or more, and one - with a water flow rate of less than 15 l/s.

Installation of internal water supply

SNiP 2.04.01-85 “Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings” applies to the design of internal water supply, sewerage and drainage systems under construction and reconstruction.

Fire water systems

For residential and public buildings, as well as administrative buildings of industrial enterprises, the need to install an internal fire-fighting water supply system, as well as the minimum water consumption for fire extinguishing, should be determined in accordance with Table. 1 *, and for industrial and warehouse buildings - in accordance with table. 2.
The water consumption for fire extinguishing, depending on the height of the compact part of the jet and the diameter of the spray, should be clarified according to the table. 3.
Water consumption and number of jets for internal fire extinguishing in public and industrial buildings (regardless of category) with a height of over 50 m and a volume of up to 50,000 m 3 should be 4 jets of 5 l/s each; for larger buildings - 8 jets of 5 l/s each.

Table 1 SNiP 2.04.01-85

Notes:
1. The minimum water flow rate for residential buildings can be taken equal to 1.5 l/s in the presence of fire nozzles, hoses and other equipment with a diameter of 38 mm.
2. The volume of the building is taken to be the construction volume determined in accordance with SNiP 2.08.02-89.

In production and warehouse buildings, for which, in accordance with table. 2, the need to install an internal fire-fighting water supply system has been established, the minimum water consumption for internal fire extinguishing, determined from Table. 2, should be increased:
- when using frame elements made of unprotected steel structures in buildings of IIIa and IVa degrees of fire resistance, as well as from solid or laminated wood (including those subjected to fire-retardant treatment) - by 5 l/s (one jet);
- when using insulating materials made of combustible materials in the enclosing structures of buildings with IVa degree of fire resistance - by 5 l/s (one jet) for buildings with a volume of up to 10 thousand m 3; with a volume of more than 10 thousand m 3 an additional 5 l/s (one jet) for every subsequent full or incomplete 100 thousand m 3.

Table 2 SNiP 2.04.01-85

Notes:
1. For laundry factories, fire extinguishing should be provided in the dry laundry processing and storage areas.
2.Water consumption for internal fire extinguishing in buildings or premises with a volume exceeding the values ​​indicated in the table. 2, should be agreed upon in each specific case with the territorial fire authorities.
3. Number of jets and water consumption of one jet for buildings with fire resistance class Shb,IIIa,IVa are accepted according to the specified table depending on the placement of production categories in them as for buildingsII andIV degree of fire resistance, taking into account the requirements of paragraph 6.3* (equating fire resistance degree IIIa toII, Shb andIVa toIV).

The minimum water flow rate for residential buildings can be taken equal to 1.5 l/s in the presence of fire nozzles, hoses and other equipment with a diameter of 38 mm (note 1 to Table 1*). In halls with a large presence of people and in the presence of combustible finishing, the number of jets for internal fire extinguishing should be taken one more than indicated in the table. 1*.

Internal fire water supply is not required to be provided:
a) in buildings and premises with a volume or height less than those indicated in the table. 1* and 2;
b) in the buildings of secondary schools, except for boarding schools, including schools with assembly halls equipped with stationary film equipment, as well as in bathhouses;
c) in seasonal cinema buildings for any number of seats;
d) in industrial buildings in which the use of water can cause an explosion, fire, or spread of fire;
e) in industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance of categories G and D, regardless of their volume, and in industrial buildings of III-V degrees of fire resistance with a volume of no more than 5000 m 3 categories G, D;
f) in production and administrative buildings of industrial enterprises, as well as in premises for storing vegetables and fruits and in refrigerators that are not equipped with drinking water or industrial water supply, for which fire extinguishing from containers (reservoirs, reservoirs) is provided;
g) in buildings storing roughage, pesticides and mineral fertilizers.

For parts of buildings of different number of storeys or premises for different purposes, the need to install internal fire water supply and water consumption for fire extinguishing should be taken separately for each part of the building in accordance with paragraphs. 6.1* and 6.2.
In this case, the water consumption for internal fire extinguishing should be taken as follows:
- for buildings that do not have fire walls - according to the total volume of the building;
- for buildings divided into parts by fire walls of types I and II - according to the volume of that part of the building where the greatest water consumption is required.

When connecting buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with transitions made of fireproof materials and installing fire doors, the volume of the building is calculated for each building separately; in the absence of fire doors - according to the total volume of buildings and a more dangerous category.

The hydrostatic pressure in the drinking water or fire-fighting water supply system at the level of the lowest located sanitary fixture should not exceed 45 m.
The hydrostatic head in the separate fire-fighting water supply system at the level of the lowest fire hydrant should not exceed 90 m.
When the design pressure in the fire-fighting water supply network exceeds 0.45 MPa, it is necessary to provide for the installation of a separate fire-fighting water supply network.

Note. When pressures at fire hydrants are more than 40 m, diaphragms should be installed between the fire hydrant and the connecting head to reduce excess pressure. It is allowed to install diaphragms with the same hole diameter on 3-4 floors of a building (nomogram 5 of Appendix 4).

Free pressures at internal fire hydrants must provide compact fire jets with the height necessary to extinguish a fire at any time of the day in the highest and most remote part of the building. The minimum height and radius of action of the compact part of the fire jet should be taken equal to the height of the room, counting from the floor to the highest point of the ceiling (covering), but not less than:
6 m - in residential, public, industrial and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises up to 50 m high;
8 m - in residential buildings over 50 m high;
16m - in public, production and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises with a height of over 50 m.

Notes:
1. The pressure at fire hydrants should be determined taking into account the pressure losses in fire hoses 10.15 or 20 m long.
2. To obtain fire jets with a water flow rate of up to 4 l/s, fire hydrants and hoses with a diameter of 50 mm should be used; to obtain fire jets of greater productivity - with a diameter of 65 mm. During the feasibility study, it is allowed to use fire hydrants with a diameter of 50 mm with a capacity of over 4 l/s.

The location and capacity of the building's water tanks must ensure that at any time of the day a compact stream with a height of at least 4 m is obtained on the top floor or the floor located directly below the tank, and at least 6 m on the remaining floors; in this case, the number of jets should be taken: two with a productivity of 2.5 l/s each for 10 minutes with a total estimated number of jets of two or more, one - in other cases.
When installing fire hydrant position sensors on fire hydrants for automatic starting of fire pumps, water tanks may not be provided.
The operating time of fire hydrants should be taken as 3 hours. When installing fire hydrants on automatic fire extinguishing systems, their operating time should be taken equal to the operating time of automatic fire extinguishing systems.
In buildings with a height of 6 floors or more with a combined system of utility and fire water supply, fire risers should be looped at the top. At the same time, to ensure the replacement of water in buildings, it is necessary to provide for the ringing of fire-fighting risers with one or several water risers with the installation of shut-off valves.
It is recommended to connect the risers of a separate fire-fighting water supply system with jumpers to other water supply systems if it is possible to connect the systems.
On fire protection systems with dry pipes located in unheated buildings, shut-off valves should be located in heated rooms.
When determining the location and number of fire risers and fire hydrants in buildings, the following must be taken into account:
- in industrial and public buildings with an estimated number of jets of at least three, and in residential buildings - at least two, paired fire hydrants can be installed on risers;
- in residential buildings with corridors up to 10 m long, with an estimated number of jets of two, each point in the room can be irrigated with two jets supplied from one fire riser;
- in residential buildings with corridors over 10 m in length, as well as in industrial and public buildings with an estimated number of jets of two or more, each point in the room should be irrigated with two jets - one jet from two adjacent risers (different fire cabinets).

Notes:
1. The installation of fire hydrants in technical floors, attics and technical undergrounds should be provided if they contain combustible materials and structures.
2. The number of jets supplied from each riser should be no more than two.
3. If there are four or more jets, it is allowed to use fire hydrants on adjacent floors to obtain the total required water flow.

Fire hydrants should be installed at a height of 1.35 m above the floor of the room and placed in cabinets with openings for ventilation, adapted for their sealing and visual inspection without opening.
Twin fire hydrants may be installed one above the other, with the second hydrant installed at a height of at least 1 m from the floor.
In fire cabinets of industrial, auxiliary and public buildings, it should be possible to place two manual fire extinguishers.
Each fire hydrant must be equipped with a fire hose of the same diameter, 10.15 or 20 m long, and a fire nozzle.
In a building or parts of a building separated by fire walls, sprinklers, nozzles and fire hydrants of the same diameter and fire hoses of the same length should be used.
The internal fire-fighting water supply networks of each zone of a building with a height of 17 floors or more must have two fire pipes leading outside with a connecting head with a diameter of 80 mm for connecting the hoses of fire trucks with the installation of a check valve and an externally controlled gate valve in the building.
Internal fire hydrants should be installed primarily at entrances, on the landings of heated (except for smoke-free) staircases, in lobbies, corridors, passages and other most accessible places, and their location should not interfere with the evacuation of people.
In rooms equipped with automatic fire extinguishing installations, internal fire hydrants may be placed on the water sprinkler network after the control units.

Pumping units

Pumping units supplying water for domestic drinking, fire-fighting and circulation needs should, as a rule, be located in the premises of heating points, boiler rooms and boiler rooms.
It is not allowed to locate pumping units (except for fire departments) directly under residential apartments, children's or group rooms of kindergartens and nurseries, classrooms of secondary schools, hospital premises, workrooms of administrative buildings, auditoriums of educational institutions and other similar premises.
Pumping units with fire-fighting pumps and hydropneumatic tanks for internal fire extinguishing are allowed to be located in the first and basement floors of buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance made of fireproof materials. In this case, the premises of pumping units and hydropneumatic tanks must be heated, fenced off with fire walls (partitions) and ceilings and have a separate exit to the outside or to the staircase.

Note 3. It is not allowed to locate fire pumping installations in buildings in which the power supply is interrupted during the absence of maintenance personnel.

Pumping installations for fire-fighting purposes should be designed with manual or remote control, and for buildings with a height of over 50 m, cultural centers, conference rooms, assembly halls and for buildings equipped with sprinkler and deluge installations - with manual, automatic and remote control.
When remotely starting fire pumping systems, start buttons should be installed in cabinets near fire hydrants. When turning on fire pumps remotely and automatically, it is necessary to simultaneously send a signal (light and sound) to the fire station room or another room with 24-hour presence of service personnel.
For pumping units supplying water for domestic, drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs, it is necessary to accept the following category of power supply reliability:
I - when the water consumption for internal fire extinguishing is more than 2.5 l/s, as well as for pumping units, interruption in operation of which is not allowed;
II - with water consumption for internal fire extinguishing 2.5 l/s; for residential buildings with a height of 10-16 floors with a total water consumption of 5 l/s, as well as for pumping units that allow a short break in operation for the time required to manually turn on the backup power.

Construction of fire cabinets

NPB 151-2000 applies to fire cabinets (FC). Fire cabinets are placed in buildings and structures that have internal fire water supply.

General provisions

Fire cabinets are divided into: wall-mounted; built-in; attached.
Mounted Shp installed (hung) on ​​walls inside buildings or structures.
Built-in Silencers installed in wall niches.
Attached ShP can be installed both against walls and in wall niches, while they rest on the floor surface.

Installation of shut-off valves on the internal water supply of buildings (structures) must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.01-85 and ensure:
— ease of grasping the valve handwheel and its rotation;
— convenience of attaching the hose and preventing its sharp bend when laying in any direction.

Fire safety technical requirements

Fire cabinets must be manufactured according to design documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
When supplying a fire suppressor with components (PC and fire extinguisher), the latter must comply with the requirements of the RD:
— pressure fire hoses - GOST R 50969-96, NPB 152-2000;
— connecting heads - GOST 28352-89, NPB 153-96;
— fire shut-off valves - NPB 154-2000;
— manual fire nozzles - NPB 177-99;
— portable fire extinguishers - GOST R 51057-2001, NPB 155-2002.

Fire cabinets are equipped with PCs with equipment having nominal bores of 40, 50 or 70 mm (valves DN 40, 50 and 65), and hoses with a diameter of 38.51 and 66 mm, respectively. Sleeve lengths are 10, 15 or 20 m.
As fire shut-off valves, it is allowed to use shut-off valves for general industrial use that meet the requirements of NPB 154-2000. Valves made of cast iron must be painted red.
Hoses tied to GR type heads and valves assembled with GM or GC type heads must withstand a test pressure of at least 1.25 MPa.
The standard size range of fire extinguishers is determined depending on the number and sizes of valves, hoses, barrels, and portable fire extinguishers placed in them.
The fire cabinet must be made of sheet steel of any grade with a thickness of 1.0 ... 1.5 mm.
The design of the shutter must provide for the possibility of rotating the cassette in the horizontal plane at an angle of at least 60° in both directions from its position perpendicular to the rear wall of the shutter.
ShP doors must have a transparent insert that allows visual inspection of the presence of components. It is permissible to manufacture a firebox without transparent inserts; in this case, information about the composition of the components must be printed on the door of the firebox. ShP doors must have structural elements for sealing and locking.
The design of the shutter should ensure its natural ventilation. Ventilation holes should be located in the upper and lower parts of the doors or on the side surfaces of the walls of the door.
Letter designations, inscriptions and pictograms on the outer sides of the walls of the ShP must be red signal color in accordance with GOST 12.4.026. On the outside of the door there must be a letter index, including the abbreviation “PK” and (or) the symbol of the PC and portable fire extinguishers in accordance with NPB 160-97, and there must be a place for putting the serial number of the fire department and the telephone number of the nearest fire department in accordance with GOST 12.4.009-83.
The fire safety sign according to NPB 160-97 must be displayed on the fire safety doors where portable fire extinguishers are located.

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