A necessary condition for organizing the production of products is to provide it with material resources: raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, semi-finished products, etc.
The cost of material resources is included in the cost of production under the element “Material costs” and includes the price of their acquisition (excluding VAT and excise taxes), markups, commissions paid to supply and foreign economic organizations, the cost of exchange services, customs duties, transportation fees, storage and delivery carried out by third parties.
Satisfying the enterprise's needs for material resources can be achieved in two ways: extensive and intensive (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 – Main ways to improve the provision of material resources
The extensive path involves an increase in the extraction and production of material resources and is associated with additional costs. In addition, the increase in production volume under existing technological systems has led to the fact that the rate of depletion of natural resources and the level of environmental pollution have gone beyond acceptable limits. Therefore, the growth of the enterprise’s need for material resources should be carried out through their more economical use in the production process or in an intensive way.
Finding intra-production reserves for saving material resources is the content of economic analysis, which involves the following stages:
1. Assessing the quality of logistics plans and analyzing their implementation;
2. Assessing the enterprise’s need for material resources;
3. Assessing the efficiency of use of material resources;
4. Factor analysis of the total material consumption of products;
5. Assessing the impact of the cost of material resources on the volume of production.
Assessment of the efficiency of use of material resources is carried out in the practice of economic work through a system of indicators and modeling of their relationship. Indicators of the efficiency of use of material resources are divided into general and specific.
General indicators include: material intensity of products; material productivity; the share of material costs in the cost of production; coefficient of use of material resources.
Particular indicators of the efficiency of material resources are used to characterize the efficiency of consumption of individual elements of material resources, as well as to assess the material intensity of individual products. The specific material consumption of individual products can be calculated in value, natural value and physical terms.
It is necessary to distinguish between the categories of material intensity of production and material intensity of products.
Material intensity of production characterizes the level and efficiency of use of material resources in production as a whole, regardless of the specific types of products produced.
Let's consider the procedure for determining and trends in changes in general indicators.
The material intensity of products is defined as the ratio
the amount of material costs to the cost of manufactured products and shows the material costs attributable to each ruble of manufactured products:
(1)
where M z - material costs;
N in – volume of production in value or physical terms.
This indicator allows us to give a generalized cost estimate of material intensity for the entire set of material costs;
– absolute - determines the amount of consumption of material costs or their individual types per unit of a specific product, for example, the consumption of metal or fuel for a unit, etc. This indicator can only be used in conditions of the same type of products being manufactured. It is used primarily to determine the need for material resources, as well as to study the effectiveness of their use;
- specific - characterizes the consumption of a certain type of material resources per unit of operational or technical characteristics of a product, for example, the consumption of metal or electricity per unit of unit power, per unit of reliability, durability, load capacity, etc. The indicator characterizes the progressiveness of the design of manufactured products and can be used in conditions of multi-product production;
– relative – represents the share of material costs and their individual elements in the structure of costs for production and sales of products.
Material intensity of production can be calculated at various levels (national economy, industry, enterprise). According to the characterized object, they are distinguished:
– national economic material intensity of production;
– regional;
– industry;
– enterprises.
The coefficient of use of material resources is the ratio of the amount of actual material costs to the amount of material costs calculated according to planned calculations and actual output and product range. This is an indicator of compliance with material consumption standards:
(2)
If the utilization factor is greater than 1, this means overuse of materials; a K value less than 1 indicates savings in material resources.
An important condition for the uninterrupted normal operation of an enterprise is the complete provision of the need for material resources (MPi) with sources of coverage (Ui):
MPi = Ui. (3)
There are internal (own) sources and external ones.
Internal sources include reduction of waste of raw materials, use of secondary raw materials, in-house production of materials and semi-finished products, savings in materials as a result of the introduction of scientific and technological progress.
The need for the import of material resources from outside is determined by the difference between the total need for the i-th type of material resources and the sum of internal sources to cover it. The degree to which the need for material resources is covered by contracts for their supply is assessed using the following indicators:
— supply ratio according to plan
; (4)
— actual supply ratio
. (5)
Analysis of these coefficients is carried out for each type of material.
The quality of materials received from suppliers is also checked, their compliance with the standards of specifications, the terms of the contract, and in cases of violation, claims are made to suppliers.
Particular attention in the analysis is paid to the implementation of the MTS plan for the timing of delivery of material resources or the rhythm of deliveries.
To assess the rhythm of deliveries, the following indicators are used:
— coefficient of uneven supply of materials:
(6)
where x is the percentage of delivery plan fulfillment by periods (days, decades, months);
f – delivery plan for the same periods;
- the coefficient of variation:
(7)
where Δ f is the deviation of the supply volume by period from the plan;
k – number of analyzed periods;
— average volume of materials supplied for the period.
Irregular supply of material resources leads to equipment downtime, lost working time, and the need for overtime work. Payment for downtime not caused by workers and overtime work leads to an increase in the cost of manufactured products and, accordingly, to a decrease in the profit of the enterprise.
The condition for the uninterrupted operation of the enterprise is the complete provision of material resources. The need for material resources is determined in terms of their types for the needs of the main and non-core activities of the enterprise and for the reserves necessary for normal functioning at the end of the period.
The need for material resources for the formation of reserves is determined in three estimates:
— in natural units of measurement, which is necessary to establish the need for warehouse space;
— in monetary (cost) assessment to identify the need for working capital and link it with the financial plan;
- in days of supply - for the purpose of planning and monitoring the implementation of the delivery schedule.
The enterprise's supply of reserves in days is calculated by the formula:
, (8)
where Здн – stocks of raw materials and materials, in days;
Зmi – reserves of the i-th type of material resources in natural or cost terms,
Pдi – average daily consumption of the i-th type of material resources in the same units of measurement.
The average daily consumption of each type of material is calculated by dividing the total consumption of the i-th type of material resources for the analyzed period (MPi) by the number of calendar periods (D):
. (9)
During the analysis process, actual reserves of the most important types of raw materials and supplies are compared with standard ones and deviations are identified.
They also check the status of stocks of raw materials and materials to identify redundant and unnecessary ones. They can be established using warehouse accounting data by comparing income and expenses. Non-selling materials include materials for which there have been no expenses for more than one year.
In the process of consuming material resources in production, they are transformed into material costs, therefore the level of their consumption is determined through indicators calculated based on the amount of material costs.
To assess the effectiveness of material resources, a system of general and specific indicators is used (Table 1).
The use of general indicators in the analysis allows us to get a general idea of the level of efficiency in the use of material resources and the reserves for increasing it.
Particular indicators are used to characterize the efficiency of consumption of individual elements of material resources (basic, auxiliary materials, fuel, energy, etc.), as well as to establish a reduction in the material intensity of individual products (specific material intensity).
Depending on the specifics of production, private indicators may be: raw material intensity - in the processing industry; metal intensity – in mechanical engineering and metalworking industry; fuel and energy intensity - at thermal power plants; semi-finished product capacity - in assembly plants, etc.
Table 1 – Indicators of efficiency of material resources
|
Indicators |
Calculation formula |
|
|
1. General indicators |
||
|
Product material intensity (ME) |
Reflects the amount of material costs attributable to 1 rub. released products |
|
|
Material productivity of products (MO) |
|
Characterizes the output from each ruble of material resources consumed |
Continuation of Table 1
|
Indicators |
Calculation formula |
Economic interpretation of the indicator |
|
Share of material costs in the cost of production (CP) |
Reflects the level of use of material resources, as well as the structure (material intensity of products) |
|
|
Material utilization rate (KM) |
|
Shows the level of efficiency in the use of materials and compliance with their consumption standards |
|
2. Partial indicators |
||
|
Product raw material intensity (CME) Product metal intensity (MME) Product fuel capacity (TME) Product Energy Intensity (EME) |
| |
Define:
a) the current and planned rate of material consumption and the amount of waste per product;
b) annual savings from the planned reduction of material in physical and cost terms;
c) how will process improvements affect waste levels?
A comment.
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the author of the problem misses an important point: not the entire mass difference between the mass of the original basic materials and the mass of the finished product will turn into production waste. If we, for example, simply cut a circle out of a square sheet of paper with scissors, then this would be the case, but in the process of industrial processing of products everything is much more complicated. For example, during a grinding operation, some of the metal turns into grinding dust and is carried away by ventilation systems. During stamping operations, laser cutting, heat treatment, etc. part of the metal goes into waste; during turning and milling operations, part of the chips is carried away along with cutting fluids, and so on. That is, in the consumption rate there is always such a component as irrecoverable losses.
In addition, in a number of technologies, in addition to the main product, so-called by-products are formed. That is, a useful product that has some value and can be sold in parallel with the main products of the enterprise. For example, this is typical for chemical enterprises.
As a result, the formula does not look like
Нр = Net Weight of Product + Waste, and how
Нр = Net Weight of Product + Waste + Irrecoverable Loss + By-Product
This task does not take this into account. And “in real life” please don’t forget about this.
Solution.
We determine what the rate of material consumption is under current conditions. Current material consumption rate:
HP(actual)=40/0.7=57.14 kg
That is, the initial weight of the material is 57.14 kilograms
As a result of improving the technological process, the material utilization rate will increase, which means a decrease in the consumption rate. As a result, the planned rate of material consumption will be:
HP(plan)=40/0.8=50 kg
The difference between the rate of material consumption and the weight of the product is waste (see comment). For current conditions
57.14 - 40 = 17.14 kg
for the planned period
50 - 40 = 10 kg
Of course, we expect annual savings for the planning period. That is, with increased production volume. Annual savings in physical terms:
Eg(n) = (17.14 - 10) * 5000 * 1.18 = 42,126 kg = 42.126 t
Annual cost savings:
Eg = 42.126 * 25,000 = 1,053,150 rub.
Process improvements that increase material utilization rates reduce waste.
Task 2. Determine the planned rate of material consumption
Net weight of the product - 40 kg; annual production – 2000 pieces; material utilization factor – 0.75. The company plans to increase it to 0.80. Price for 1t. Material – 8500 UAH. Determine the actual and planned rates of material consumption and annual savings from increasing the material utilization rate in physical and value terms.
Solution.
Let's find the coefficient of material utilization. This can be done using the formula:
Material utilization rate = m / Нр
m – mass of the product
Nr – consumption rate
Let's substitute the values into the formula.
First, let's find the actual production rate.
1. Нр (actual) = 40/0.75 = 53.3 (kg)
Let's find the planned production rate
2. Нр(plan) = 40/0.8 = 50 kg
Let's find the annual resource savings in physical terms. To do this, subtract the planned production rate from the actual one and multiply the result by the annual production of products.
3. Annual savings in kind =(53.3-50)*2000= 3.3*2000=6600(kg) = 6.6(t) Material savings per year
Let's find the savings in cost terms. To do this, we multiply the amount of material saved by its price per ton.
4. Annual savings in value terms = 6.6*8500 = 56100 (UAH)
Task 3. Determine the material utilization rate
The net weight of the product is 250 kg, the amount of actual waste during processing is 60 kg. As a result of improving the technology for manufacturing product parts, waste will be reduced by 12%. Determine the material utilization rate and the share of waste before and after changing the technological process.
Solution.
Let's find the production rate after changing the technological process. To do this, we will find the amount of waste after changing the technological process and adding the net weight of the product.
1. Нр = (60*12%)/100 + 250 = 52.8+250 = 302.8 kg.
Let's find the coefficient of material utilization.
From the beginning, we will calculate the coefficient after introducing changes to the technological process.
2. Material utilization rate = 250/52.8+250=250/302.8 = 0.825
Let's find the coefficient before changes in the technological process.
3. Material utilization rate=250/250+60=250/310=0.806
Let's find the share of waste before changing the technological process
4. Share of waste before change = 60/250+60 = 60/310=0.193
5. Proportion of waste after change = 52.8/52.8+250=52.8/302.8 = 0.174
Conclusion: as a result of improvements in the manufacturing technology of parts, the material utilization rate increased from 0.806 to 0.825, and the share of waste decreased from 0.193 to 0.174.
Task 4. Determine the rate of material consumption per product
Determine the rate of material consumption for one product, if the average weight of the product is 2.1 kg, the material utilization coefficient is 0.9.
Solution.
To find the production rate, we need to create equations based on the formula for finding the material utilization rate.
Material utilization rate = m/Hp
m – mass of the product
Nr – consumption rate
Let's create an equation.
Answer: the production rate is 2.3 kg.
Task 5. Determine the overconsumption of material in physical and cost terms
Due to the fault of the supply department, the wrong material was supplied to the workshop, as a result of which the consumption rate per unit of product will be 4.012 kg, with the established standard being 3871 kg. Made from this material
10,000 products. The price of 1 ton of measured material is 8120 UAH, and unmeasured 8000 UAH. Determine the overexpenditure of the main profile to others in physical and cost terms.
Solution.
Let's find the material consumption in physical terms. To do this, we need to multiply the material consumption per unit of product by the number of products.
From the beginning we will find the consumption when using unmeasured material
1. Consumption in physical terms when using unmeasured material = 4.012 * 10,000 = 40,120 kg.
Now let's find the flow rate when using measuring material.
2. Consumption in kind when using measured material = 3.871*10,000=38,710 kg.
Let's find the consumption of measuring material in cost terms
Consumption of measuring material in value terms = 38.710*8120= 314,325.2 UAH.
Let's find the consumption of unmeasured material in cost terms.
Consumption of unmeasured material in value terms = 40.120 * 8000 = 320,960 UAH.
Now we can find the overconsumption of material in cost terms.
Overconsumption of material in value terms = 320,960-
314,325.2=6634.8 UAH.
3. Overconsumption of material in physical terms = 40,120-38,710=
Brief description of production types
Single production is characterized by a wide range of manufactured or repaired products and a small volume of production of identical products, the re-production of which, as a rule, is not provided. The transaction consolidation ratio is more than forty ( K z.o > 40).
Serial production is characterized by a limited range of products manufactured or repaired in periodically repeating production batches (series), and a relatively large volume of output. Accepted: 20 < К з.о < 40 – small-scale production; 10 < К з.о < 20 – medium-scale production; 1 = K z.o< 10 – large-scale production.
Mass production is characterized by a large volume of product output, and most workplaces perform one technological operation. For mass production K z.o = 1.
2 Analysis of the manufacturability of the design of the part (practical
lesson 2)
Manufacturability of product design is considered as a set of product design properties that determine its adaptability to achieving optimal costs in production, operation and repair for given quality indicators, output volume and work conditions (GOST 14.205−83).
The analysis is carried out according to qualitative and quantitative indicators in accordance with the requirements of the ECTPP standards, taking into account the established volume of output and type of production. For a qualitative assessment, it is necessary to identify the requirements for the manufacturability of the design of the part, using adj. 2, analyze the design characteristics of the part and draw a conclusion on each requirement (an example of a qualitative assessment of the manufacturability of the product design is given in Appendix 3). The explanatory note also provides a quantitative assessment of manufacturability, the results of which are presented in the form of three tables (for the presence of standard structural elements, optimal accuracy and surface roughness) (a sample is given in Appendix 3). Please note that in each table the number of structural elements must be the same. After the analysis, the note gives a specific and substantiated conclusion about the manufacturability (non-manufacturability) of the design.
3 Selection of the initial workpiece and method of its manufacture (practical
lesson 3)
When selecting a workpiece for a given part, a method for its production is assigned, the configuration, dimensions, tolerances, and processing allowances are determined.
The main thing when choosing a workpiece is to ensure the specified quality of the finished part at its minimum cost. The cost of a part is determined by summing up the cost of the workpiece according to the calculation of the procurement shop and the cost of its subsequent processing until the specified quality requirements are achieved according to the drawing. The choice of a workpiece is associated with a specific technical and economic calculation of the cost of the finished part, performed for a given annual production volume, taking into account other production conditions. Brief recommendations on the choice of material and type of workpiece are given in the appendix. 4.
3.1 Selecting a method for obtaining a workpiece
In this section, depending on the material of the part, the dimensions and its configuration, the type of production, it is necessary to select the type of initial workpiece and the method of its production, focusing on the standard solutions given in the reference literature and the recommendations in the appendix. 5. It is necessary to give a brief description of possible methods for dimensional accuracy and surface roughness and, based on a technical and economic comparison of several options, select a design one.
When comparing options, preference is given to the more economical method:
where , is the technological cost of the part, the blank of which was obtained according to the first or second option and is determined by the following formula:
,
where is the cost of obtaining the workpiece, rub.; − cost of machining the workpiece, rub.
The cost of the workpiece includes the cost of material for a certain method of obtaining the workpiece itself according to the formula
Page 19 of 32
18. Technical and economic standards.
The section should contain standards characterizing the technical level and production efficiency guaranteed by the regulations, including:
1) coefficients of useful use of raw materials and supplies (optimal yields of target products);
2) annual consumption rates for the main types of raw materials and materials;
3) annual norms for the consumption of technological energy inputs (steam, water, electricity, compressed air, inert gas, etc.);
4) technical indicators that determine production capacity and efficiency of use of fixed assets;
5) labor costs per unit of the final product;
18.1. The coefficients of useful use of raw materials and materials are given step by step in the form of the table. 25.
Efficiency coefficients of raw materials and materials
Table 25
The theoretical consumption coefficient (Kt) for production using chemical transformations is obtained by theoretical calculation using the formula:
Rt = Relative mol. weight ref. substances / Relative mol. mass of finished or intermediate substance
For industries that do not involve chemical transformations, CT is taken from the approved recipe.
The calculation of the regulatory consumption coefficient (Kr) is made based on the actual data of the required statistical set of experiments, taking into account the equipment used, inevitable production waste and losses in strict compliance with the technological process, according to the following formula:
Kr = Number of loaded items / Number of received items
If the regulations provide for the return of raw materials and products isolated from mother liquors (regeneration), Kr is calculated as follows:
Кр = (Quantity of loaded substance - Quantity of raw material returned to the process) / (Quantity of received substance + Quantity of regenerated received substance)
The return of a substance from a process or from regeneration is taken into account only in the case when this substance is obtained of satisfactory quality according to the RD, and the regulations provide for its use in the technological process.
The coefficient of useful use (Kisp.) of raw materials and supplies is calculated using the formula:
Kisp. = Kt * 100 / Kr
The actual coefficient (Kf) of useful use of raw materials and production materials is recorded in the work log.
18.2. Consumption rates for the main types of raw materials are given in the form of table. 26.
The rate of consumption of raw materials and materials for the final product.
Table 26
The regulations allow for consumption rates for interchangeable raw materials.
Consumption rates for raw materials and materials are given for all reserve recipes provided for by the regulations.
For the convenience of monitoring the rational use of raw materials and materials by sections, operations (stages) for chemical production, it is advisable to provide in the regulations, along with consumption standards for the final product, consumption standards for raw materials and materials for intermediate products, operational (stage-by-stage) standards.
18.3. The consumption rates of steam, water, compressed air, inert gas, electricity and other types of energy costs are given in table. 27.
Consumption rates for steam, water, compressed air, inert gas, electricity and other types of energy costs
Table 27
Column 2 provides a brief description of the type of energy costs, for example: for steam - pressure (up to 1 MPa); for water - artesian (with a temperature from 8 to 10 ° C), etc.
If energy inputs (for example, steam) with different parameters are used in production, the recording is made in different lines.
The regulatory consumption rate (column 3) is calculated for the final product based on actual data from measurements during the development period. In the absence of such data, the project flow rates are used.
If there is a large assortment of manufactured products and in the absence of accounting for a specific type of product, these indicators are entered into the table based on the general indicators of energy resources for the workshop.
18.4.
Technical indicators that determine production capacity are given in table. 28.
Columns 3 and 4 provide the standardized and scheduled time for the operation (operation element).
Column 5 indicates the cycle duration in hours, for each stage and in total for the technological process (fill in only for periodic processes that are cyclical). The cycle includes all processes, starting with inspection of equipment before loading and ending with preparing it for operation in the next cycle. The total duration of the process (cycle) is taken on the basis of consistently achieved optimal indicators.
The information necessary to calculate power is given in columns 7 - 10.
18.5. Indicators of labor costs in man-hours (man-days) are given in general for the production of the final product of this regulation, subdivided into main and auxiliary work in accordance with the design data and based on the achieved indicators.
Labor costs in man-hours per 1 kg of the final product are calculated using the formula:
T = P * t / P person-h/kg,
where t is the working time of one worker when producing a quantity of products - P, people. - h;
P - production output, kg;
P - number of main workers, people.
Technical indicators that determine production capacity
Table 28
|
Name |
No. according to the hardware diagram, name of the equipment and operation (operation element) |
Time, hours, minutes |
Product output from a unit of equipment in one operating cycle |
Indicators determining production capacity |
||||||
|
normie |
regla |
continued |
||||||||
|
manufacturer |
equipment operating mode, hour/day |
number of units of equipment used |
number of working days per month |
power (production) per day (per month) gr. 7? gr. 8 ? gr.9 (gr. 7 ? gr. 8 ? gr. 9 ? gr. 10) |
||||||
18.6. The regulations may also contain other indicators and standards that determine the technical level and efficiency of production, such as, for example, production output per unit of production area or per unit of value of fixed assets and other indicators.
GOST 27782-88
Group T00
STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION
MATERIAL CONSUMPTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PRODUCTS
Terms and Definitions
Materials consumption for engineering products.
Terms and definitions
OKSTU 0004
Valid from 01/01/89
until 01.01.94*
_________________________
* Validity limit removed
according to Protocol No. 3-93 of the Interstate Council
on standardization, metrology and certification.
(IUS No. 5-6 1993). - Note "CODE".
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards
PERFORMERS
B.N.Volkov, Ph.D. tech. sciences; Yu.D.Amirov, Ph.D. tech. sciences; G.A. Yanovsky (topic leader); A.I. Golub; T.V.Sharanova
2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated July 21, 1988 N 2703
3. The inspection period was 1992.
4. INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
This standard establishes terms and definitions of concepts in the field of material intensity of mechanical engineering and instrument making products.
The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation and literature included in the scope of standardization activities or using the results of this activity.
1. Standardized terms with definitions are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Term | Definition |
1. Material consumption of the product Material consumption | Consumption of material required for the production and technical operation of the product |
2.
Metal intensity Metal intensity | Consumption of metal necessary for the production and technical operation of the product. Note. The corresponding concepts are formed similarly: glass capacity, plastic capacity, etc. |
3. Specific material consumption of the product Specific material consumption | An indicator characterizing the consumption of material required to obtain a unit of beneficial effect from using the product for its intended purpose. Note. The beneficial effect can be expressed by the main parameter characterizing it |
4. Specific metal consumption of the product Specific metal consumption | An indicator of material intensity characterizing the consumption of metal required to obtain a unit of beneficial effect from using the product for its intended purpose. |
5.
Product weight | Material consumption indicator characterizing the total mass of the component parts of a product prepared for its intended use |
6.
Dry weight | An indicator of material intensity characterizing the mass of a product without solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma fillers consumed during its intended use |
7.
Weight of material in the product | An indicator of material intensity that characterizes the mass of a specific type of material embodied in a product. Note. Examples include the mass of metal in a product, the mass of plastic in a product, the mass of wood in a product |
8.
Product specific gravity | An indicator of material intensity, characterizing the mass of materials embodied in a product, necessary to obtain a unit of beneficial effect from using the product for its intended purpose. |
9.
Specific gravity of the material in the product | An indicator of material intensity, characterizing the mass of a specific type of material embodied in a product, necessary to obtain a unit of useful effect from using the product for its intended purpose. Note. Examples include the specific gravity of metal in a product, the specific gravity of wood in a product, the specific gravity of glass in a product |
10.
| The maximum permissible planned amount of material for the manufacture of a product under the established quality and production conditions. Note. The consumption rate should take into account the mass of the product (useful consumption of material), process waste and material loss |
12.
Material loss | Component of the consumption rate, characterizing the amount of irretrievably lost material during the manufacturing process of the product |
13.
Material consumption standard | Element-by-element component of the norm, characterizing the consumption of material per unit of mass (area, length, volume) when performing production processes |
14.
| An indicator characterizing the degree of useful consumption of material for the production of a product |
15.
Expense coefficient | The inverse indicator of the material utilization rate |
16.
| The ratio of the consumption rate of a given material to the sum of the consumption rates of all materials for the product |
17.
| An indicator characterizing the degree of use of the mass (area, length, volume) of the source material during cutting in relation to the mass (area, length, volume) of all types of resulting blanks (parts) |
2. For each concept, one standardized term is established.
The use of terms that are synonyms of a standardized term is not allowed.
2.1. For individual standardized terms, the standard provides short forms for reference, which are allowed to be used in cases that exclude the possibility of their different interpretation.
2.2. The given definitions can, if necessary, be changed by introducing derived features into them, revealing the meaning of the terms used in them, indicating the objects included in the scope of the defined concept. Changes must not violate the scope and content of the concepts defined in this standard.
3. The standard contains an appendix containing explanations on the applicability of material intensity indicators for assessing the technical level and quality of products and the progressiveness of technological processes.
4. An alphabetical index of terms contained in the standard is given in Table 2.
ALPHABETIC INDEX OF TERMS
ALPHABETIC INDEX OF TERMS
table 2
Term | Term number |
Material utilization rate | |
Material applicability factor | |
Material cutting ratio | |
Consumption coefficient | |
Product weight | |
Specific weight of the product | |
Weight of material in the product | |
Specific mass of material in the product | |
Dry weight | |
Material consumption | |
Material consumption of the product | |
Specific material consumption of the product | |
Specific material consumption | |
Metal intensity | |
Metal content of the product | |
Specific metal consumption of the product | |
Specific metal intensity | |
Material consumption rate for the product | |
Material consumption standard | |
Process material waste | |
Material loss |
5. Standardized terms are in bold font, their short form is in light font.
APPENDIX (reference). APPLICABILITY OF MATERIAL INTENSITY INDICATORS
APPLICATION
Information
1. The material intensity of a product is a component of a higher level indicator - the resource intensity of a product, the value of which shows the share of current costs of all types of resources in the cost of the labor product.
The nomenclature of product indicators should provide a comprehensive assessment of its material intensity by specifying the types of materials used (metal, plastic, wood, textiles, etc.).
In the process of making decisions on saving materials at various stages of the product life cycle, one should distinguish between the production material intensity of the product, determined by the material consumption for its manufacture, and the operational material intensity of the product, determined by the material consumption for its maintenance and repair.
2. When assessing the technical level of a product, the following indicators are used: mass of the product (clause 5), mass of the dry product (clause 6), mass of material in the product (clause 7), specific gravity of the product (clause 8), specific gravity of the material in product (clause 9).
3. When assessing the manufacturability of a product design, the following indicators are used: material consumption of the product (clause 1), specific material consumption of the product (clause 3), mass of the dry product (clause 6), mass of material in the product (clause 7), specific mass of the material in product (clause 9), material applicability coefficient (clause 16).
4. When assessing the progressiveness of technological processes, the following indicators are used: material utilization coefficient (clause 14), consumption coefficient (clause 15), material cutting coefficient (clause 17).
5. When standardizing standard-size (parametric) series and groups of homogeneous products, specific indicators are used.
When standardizing specific products, absolute indicators are used.
6. The mass of technological waste and material losses is regulated in the technological documentation.
7. The indicator “Product weight” is used both as a resource-saving indicator and as a functional one, for example, “Service weight of a diesel locomotive”.
The text of the document is verified according to:
official publication
M.: Standards Publishing House, 1988