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Nepenthes

It grows on the island of Madagascar, belongs to the genus Nepenthes, or pitcher plant. Next to the usual leaves, these plants also develop those in which at the end grow reddish, up to 50-70 cm long, “jugs” with a lid at the top.

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The bright color of the living vessel and the sweet juice formed along its edges attract insects. Once on the smooth inner wall, they fall to the bottom, where up to 2 liters of liquid collect. The plant digests insects and then absorbs them.

Slide 4

Sarracenia

In terms of the structure of the hunting apparatus and the method of hunting, the perennial marsh grass Sarracenia, which belongs to the largest insectivorous plants, is similar to the pitcher plant.

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Its tubular leaves-vessels reach 70-80 cm. They also attract insects with nectar, which fall into the water collected at the bottom of the living vessel. Hairs sticking out on its inner wall and pointing down prevent insects from getting out.

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Venus flytrap

The Venus flytrap grows in the swamps of North and South Carolina in the United States. The oval halves of the leaves of this plant are located at an obtuse angle to one another. Long, strong, claw-like teeth grow along their edges. Each half has three sensitive bristles.

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As soon as the insect touches them, the halves instantly close. The trap is designed in such a way that the plant catches the insect with lightning speed and with a tight fixation. Thin bristles on the inside of the leaf are activated upon contact, and within 30 seconds the prey itself is “identified” from other external factors, such as a raindrop.

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Pemphigus

But predator plants are found not only in overseas countries. In our stagnant reservoirs you can find pemphigus utricularia.

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This plant produces bubbles on its leaves up to 5 mm in diameter with a hole that is closed from the inside by a valve with hairs. When a mosquito larva or a small crustacean touches the hairs on the lid, the animal is instantly sucked into the bubble along with water. Sometimes even fish fry and tadpoles are captured. They also serve as food for the plant.

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Sundew

In the peat bogs of Europe there is a small, up to 20 cm tall, perennial plant with small leaves collected in a rosette. The leaves are dotted with hairs with droplets as transparent as dew at the ends.

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Attracted by the shiny droplets, the insect will land on the leaf and will no longer be able to fly off it - “dew” is a sticky liquid. The hairs lean toward the insect like tentacles. Then digestive juice is secreted, which in composition resembles the gastric juice of animals.

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Sundews have very sensitive leaves, they react to the weight of an insect of only 0.008 mg! Sundew is able to react not only to weight, but also to animal products: pieces of meat, cheese, bones. When the food is digested, the leaf straightens, shaking out the chitinous shell remaining from the insect. The hairs also straighten, droplets of juice appear, and the leaf is ready to hunt again.

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Why did carnivorous plants appear?

The fact is that they grow in water, in swamps or poor soils, where they lack nutrients - phosphorus, nitrogen, as well as sodium, potassium, and magnesium salts. So, with the help of all sorts of ingenious traps and Velcro, they hunt small animals to supplement their diet.

Deadly Beauty Project (carnivorous plants)

Completed by students of 2nd “B” grade

MBOU Secondary School No. 2, Iskitim

Novosibirsk region

Project Manager:

Radchenko O.F.

primary school teacher

Target work: identifying the reasons why plants turned into predators.

Object of study are families of “insectivorous” plants.

tasks :

Study historical information about predatory plants;

Consider the characteristics of these plants;

Identify the causes and conditions for the transformation of plants into predators.

Based on literary sources, the following was put forward: hypothesis : If plants “eat” insects, then this is necessary in order to survive in the environment.

Types of "insectivorous" plants

If you thought that predator plants were the stuff of science fiction, they are not reality. About 500 species of insectivorous plants are known. All of them receive part of their nutrients from animals (mainly insects), which they catch in various ingenious ways.

NEPENTHES (species)

• swamps (mosses, peat)
• sandy and rocky soils

PREDATORS IN YOUR HOME

Zhiryanka

Sarracenia

Sarracenia

Venus flytrap

Sundew

Nepenthes

World records

One sundew plant catches and eats 2,000 insects over the summer.

The Venus flytrap is capable of slamming leaves in one tenth of a second. This is one of the fastest movements in the plant world.

Why do plants need “predation”?

Plants “eat” insects solely to survive in a hostile environment where the soil is so poor or so acidic that the roots cannot obtain nutrients in the usual way.

Thus, we put forward hypothesis It was confirmed that plants “eat” insects solely in order to survive in a hostile environment, where the soil is so poor or acidic that the roots cannot receive nutrients in the usual way.

The plants came out of the situation and began to catch insects.

Literature

1.//dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc1p/32194

2.//dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc1p/321

3. The big book “Why” (questions and answers, interesting and useful information, quizzes and entertaining experiments). Moscow "ROSMEN" 2007

4. D.G. Hessayon. All about indoor plants. Houseplants. Encyclopedia. Eksmo Publishing House. 2003.

Municipal autonomous educational institution

"Middle School of General education"

p. Old Beads

Lesson - presentation

"Why are some plants

have become predators?

Developed by:

Oshchepkova Elena Viktorovna,

primary school teacher

MAOU "Secondary School" p. Old Biser

At the end of the 17th century, sailors arriving from overseas in Europe sometimes told chilling stories about bloodthirsty vampire plants that were supposedly found among the impenetrable tropical jungles of the New World. The storytellers' fantasy was fueled by impressions of a huge liana - a monster, whose aerial roots could remind the vivid imagination of a not very educated traveler of insidious tentacles. However, as strange as it may seem, predator plants actually exist.

Plants - predators can be considered a miracle of nature. About 500 species of carnivorous plants are known. All of them receive part of their nutrients from animals that are caught in various ingenious ways. These are mainly insects, but sometimes other animals can be found, such as frogs and even small mammals!

This raises the question: why did some plants become predators?

All insectivorous plants can be divided into

into two groups

Passively catching

Actively catching

Pemphigus

Heliamphora

These are Darlingtonia, Nepenthes, Heliamphora, Sarracenia, Cephalotus. The leaf blades of such plants have the shape of a pitcher. Insects, attracted by the bright color of the pitcher or the smell of the sugary substance secreted by the plant, climb into it and then fall to the bottom, into the liquid containing digestive enzymes. There, the prey is digested for several hours, after which the nutrients are absorbed and absorbed by the plant.

Heliamphora

Darlingtonia

Nepenthes

Cephalotus

Sarracenia

There are several reasons that prevent prey from getting out:

Jagged edges of the neck of the jug, overhanging from above;

An intoxicating substance contained in a sugary liquid that puts the victim to sleep;

A “lid” hanging over the jug, which disorients the insect;

The inner surface of the jug is very slippery, from which even insects that can stay on the glass slip off.

Venus flytrap

Venus flytrap. This is a small herbaceous plant with a rosette of 4-7 leaves that respond to touch by closing the valves and releasing nectar that attracts insects. It feeds on insects; sometimes mollusks (slugs) can be found. Digestion takes approximately 10 days, after which all that remains of the prey is an empty chitinous shell. After this, the trap opens and is ready to catch new prey. During the life of the trap, on average three insects fall into it.

These are butterwort, roridula, sundew, and rosewort.

The upper side of the leaves of such plants is covered with hairs that secrete droplets of a sticky sugary substance that attracts insects. The more an insect that lands on a leaf tries to escape, the more it gets stuck in the sticky liquid.

Roridula

Rosolist

When the prey is caught, the leaf slowly curls up, and the plant's glands begin to secrete enzymes that break down animal proteins into simpler components. After some time, only undigested remains remain inside the leaf, mainly the chitinous cover, which, after the leaf opens, is carried away by rain or wind.

Large plant predators can prey on not only insects, but also snails and even small frogs.

Pemphigus

Pemphigus. This is the fastest carnivorous plant. It captures its prey in half a millisecond. The trapping organs of pemphigus are numerous rounded lenticular formations, the diameter of which rarely exceeds 4 mm. She hunts small crustacean aquatic animals - daphnia and cyclops. The victim of the bladderwort is sucked inside the bubble, and soon all that remains of the prey is a skeleton.

Genlisey

Genlisea is a small herb with yellow flowers that uses a crab claw type trap. These traps are easy to get into, but impossible to get out of because of the small hairs that grow towards the entrance. These plants have specialized underground leaves that lure, trap and digest small organisms such as ciliates. These leaves form hollow tubes underground that look like a spiral. Small microbes are drawn into these tubes by the flow of water, but cannot escape from them.

Many plants grow in soils so poor that they lack the nutrients they get from the soil. These plants lack nitrogen, which is scarce in swampy, dry and rocky soils. The plants came out of the situation and began to catch insects.

Predatory plants have trap organs specially adapted for catching. In some, the traps are represented by leaves, the surface of which is covered with special glandular cells that secrete sticky mucus. In others, the trapping organs are represented by urns and traps.

The bright color of the trap flowers, aroma and sweet juice attracts insects that become victims of the predator plant.

Despite all the abundance of flora on Earth, who would have thought that there would also be carnivores among the plants. Carnivorous plants mostly live in poor soil; the lack of nutrients is compensated by the simplest living organisms: mainly insects and other arthropods.

Already in 1875 Charles Darwin wrote Insectivorous Plants, the first treatise on carnivorous plants. Carnivorous plants are distributed throughout the world. It is believed that they develop independently of each other, and are represented by no less than a dozen genera. This classification of plants includes at least 583 species that attract, trap and kill prey by absorbing nutrients.

Trap mechanisms.
There are 5 main types of traps:
1.Jug traps. They attract their prey with the help of secreted nectar and bright color. The rim of the jug is slippery, causing insects to fall into the trap.

2. Sticky traps. The leaves of such traps are studded with glands that secrete a sticky substance. Such glands can be either long and mobile, or short.

3. Slamming or trap traps. There are only two known plants with this type of trap: Dionaea or, as it is also called, flytrap and Aldrovanda vesica. Inside the traps there are hairs that respond to touch. When an insect touches them, the trap closes. Also, the movement of the prey inside the trap stimulates the production of digestive enzymes.

4. Suction traps. They suck in the victim using a bubble that creates a vacuum. Such plants live mainly in ponds.

5. Lobster traps. It is a chamber that is easy to enter, but difficult to leave, because either the exit cannot be found, or it is blocked by hairs that grow inward. The victim is forced to move forward towards the plant's digestive organ.

Traps are also classified by activity - passivity, depending on whether the plant performs any movements in order to catch prey. For example, sarracenia is a passive predator, and the Venus flytrap is active, since it performs direct actions in order to catch and hold the prey.

Cultivation
In gardening, carnivorous plants are considered rare and exotic, but recently they have become increasingly popular. The most commonly grown plant is the Venus flytrap. Despite the fact that all carnivorous plants require different growing conditions in terms of light, air humidity, soil, etc., there are general conditions: only rain and distilled water is acceptable for watering carnivorous plants. This is explained by the fact that in the natural environment they are found in acidic soils that do not contain nutrients. Water containing minerals and salts is detrimental to this type of plant.

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Slide captions:

Predatory plants Presentation prepared by: Bolshakova E.I. teacher of additional education at the Kirishi Children's and Youth Children's Institution, 2015

Why do plants need predation? Carnivorous plants are found in all parts of the world. These are mainly perennial herbs, but subshrubs and shrubs are also found. All carnivorous plants grow in swamps, swampy and damp places, poor in nutrients. Animals are used as an additional source of mineral nutrition (phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen). They attract insects by color, smell or sweet secretions. On the surface of the leaves there are glands that secrete digestive enzymes.

Types of traps Slam traps Leaf suck traps Sticky traps Jug trap

Sundew The sticky droplets that cover the leaves give the plant its name. There are about 130 species of sundews. They grow in tropical swamps, long-drying soils of the Australian subtropics, in the Arctic Circle in the tundra.

Different types of sundews English sundew (long-leaved) Round-leaved sundew Intermediate sundew

In the Leningrad region, round-leaved sundew is found. The main lure for prey is the sweet smell of leaves. Catches insects with the help of sticky glandular hairs that cover its leaves. Sundew rotundifolia The insect lands on a leaf and sticks, the leaf begins to curl, covering the victim, and secretes digestive fluid.

Lusitanian rosewort (“Portuguese flycatcher”) Subshrub up to 30 cm high. Grows in North Africa. Local residents have long used this plant instead of sticky fly paper, hanging it inside their houses.

Butterwort The leaves are densely covered with glandular hairs, with the help of which the plant catches small insects, some of which produce sugar to attract insects, and others produce digestive enzymes to digest them.

Byblis This shrub is the largest carnivorous plant native to Australia. Its leaves are covered with sticky hairs that secrete digestive juice. With its leaves it not only secretes juice, but also grabs prey if it is nearby. Sometimes snails, frogs and even small birds become prey.

Venus flytrap The plant has leaves called “jaws” that slam shut when an insect touches them. Along the edges of the leaf there are 15-20 thick spines, similar to teeth, and in the middle of the leaf there are three guard hairs. The maximum size of the trap is 3 cm. This is the only plant in which insect catching can be observed even with the naked eye. Found in the swamps of North America.

Bladderwort Aquatic plant. Catches small aquatic insects and crustaceans using bubble sacs growing on leaves and stems. By touching the surface of the bubble, the animal falls into a trap, from which it can no longer get out. Glands located on the walls of the vesicles help the caught prey to be digested.

Aldrovanda vesica The plant is named after the Italian scientist Ulisse Aldrovandi. The plant floats freely in a pond. The leaves are equipped with a petiole covered with bristles and a bivalve blade. It feeds on small insect larvae and crustaceans.

Nepenthes (pitcher) The name comes from the name of the ancient Greek mythical nepenthes - the herb of oblivion. Shrub or semi-shrub vine. Grows in tropical forests. The popular name for Nepenthes traps is “monkey cups”.

A variety of shapes and colors of pitchers The sizes of some Nepenthes pitcher traps allow plants to catch rats and small birds. Large Nepenthes, in addition to eating insects, also use the droppings of tupaya animals, which climb onto the plant like a toilet to feast on sweet nectar.

The neck of the jug is covered with a smooth waxy coating. Insects begin to slide along it, but the bristles, pointing downward, prevent them from getting out. The jug is half filled not with sweet nectar, but with digestive “soup”. After 5-7 hours, the prey will be completely digested. In large jugs up to 1 liter. digestive juice. Orangutans drink this sour liquid with pleasure.

Sarracenia is a perennial rhizomatous herb. The trap is formed by a twisted sheet containing a solution of digestive enzymes. The length of the trapping jug sheets reaches 1 m. It feeds on small crustaceans, frogs and even rodents. A passive green predator, the plant only needs photosynthesis.

Some types of predator plants are grown at home.

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Why are predator plants called that? Give examples of predator plants? What makes these plants “go hunting”? What insectivorous plants can be found in our region? What plants are called “underwater traps”? check yourself