Crop yield indicators. Justification of crop yield levels

Definition of harvest

Cleaning harvest

Productivity

Definition of the term harvest

Harvest is the amount of grain, fruits, herbs, etc. produced.

Harvest is the gross harvest of agricultural products.

Harvest - The number of cereals or other plants, fruits, mushrooms produced.

The harvest is high, a good collection of such plants.

Harvest is the gross (total) harvest of crop products obtained as a result of growing a certain agricultural crop from the entire area of its sowing (planting) on a farm, region or country. For most crops, yield is usually measured in tons.

Harvest. Harvesting is a set of works at the final stage of farming. Includes: harvesting, delivery to the place of post-harvest processing, post-harvest processing itself, delivery harvest to places of storage or sale. Modern harvesting is characterized by a high degree of mechanization.

Harvesting - complex works at the final stage of production in agriculture, which includes:

The actual harvesting (mowing grains and grasses, digging up root crops, pulling flax, picking fruits and berries, etc.);

- Delivery crop to the place of post-harvest processing;

Post-harvest processing, including cleaning, drying, sorting and other operations;

Transportation of finished products to warehouses for storage and/or sale;

Bookmark for storage.

Productivity. Associated with the harvest is the economic concept of productivity, which is defined as the amount of crop production obtained per unit area. Productivity for open ground crops is calculated in centners per hectare (c/ha), and in greenhouse production - in kg per 1 m². Several yield indicators are used in planning, accounting and economic analysis:

Potential yield is the maximum amount of product that can be obtained from 1 hectare when the productive capabilities of an agricultural crop or variety are fully realized. Yield potential is calculated under ideal and normal conditions by agricultural research and development institutions. The potential yield indicator is used to determine the rational structure of agricultural sectors, a set of varieties and crops in a farm, region or zone;

Planned yield is the amount of product that can be obtained from 1 hectare under specific economic conditions. The planned yield is determined before sowing, taking into account the potential capabilities of the variety, the achieved level of yield, soil fertility, the provision of the farm with equipment, mineral fertilizers, etc.;

Expected yield (harvest types) is the expected harvest of products, determined in certain periods of growth and development of agricultural crops based on the density of the stem stand and the general condition of the plants. It is measured in centners per 1 hectare or estimated: high, average, low, at the level of last year, etc. The expected yield indicator is used for planning agricultural activities;

Standing yield (biological yield) - the amount of grown products, established selectively - either by eye-estimation method, or by the sampling method (before harvesting, or by the calculation-balance method (after harvesting) based on data on actual threshing and losses during the harvesting process The biological yield indicator is used in economic analysis to find reserves for reducing crop losses during harvesting;

Actual harvest - yield, determined by the registered or net (after processing) weight of grown products per 1 hectare of sown, spring productive or actually harvested area.

established in country the negative economic situation and the flooding of the market with imported food direct agricultural enterprises to search for internal reserves to increase the production of competitive products. State not only is it unable to provide economic and social support to collective and state farms, but it is also forced to tighten the budget financing regime. However, even in these difficult conditions, the main tasks of collective and state farms were and remain: to move forward, to carry out the spring field work, preparing for the harvest, harvesting everything grown on the land, preserving the main livestock of cattle, improving the material condition of workers enterprises.

Productivity is the most important indicator reflecting the level of intensification of agricultural production. The quality of the planned economic level of such economic categories as initial cost, labor efficiency, profitability and other economic indicators largely depends on the correct planning and forecasting of the level of agricultural crop productivity. Thus, the crop yield in each farm plays one of the first roles, and the agricultural producer must strive to constantly increase the yield of all crops. In our case, we will consider the yield of grain crops, which plays a critical role. First of all, this is bread, food and feed for livestock. However data crops do not produce the desired yield. To increase productivity data cultures, you need to know the factors influencing it.

The purpose of the course work is to identify factors affecting grain yield, both positive and negative, and ways to reduce the influence of unfavorable factors. At the same time, in order to more accurately determine the patterns emerging in the development of productivity, we will conduct an analysis using time series. This will give us the opportunity to determine the trend in yield development. To identify trends, we will use the analytical method. As already mentioned, many factors influence yield. To identify their influence, we will use regression-correlation analysis, and take the amount of fertilizer applied as a factor.

All digital data used in the course work are taken from annual reports and statistical collections for the Tver region.

Tasks and purpose statistics harvest and productivity.

Harvest and productivity are the most important performance indicators of crop production and agricultural production in general. The yield level reflects the impact of economic and income conditions in which agricultural production is carried out, and the quality of the organizational and economic activities of each enterprises.

Tasks statistics harvest and yield are to correctly determine yield and yield levels and their changes compared to past periods and plan; to reveal, through analysis, the reasons for changes in dynamics and the factors that caused differences in yield levels between zones, regions, groups of farms; evaluate the effectiveness of various yield factors; find out untapped reserves for increasing productivity.

The concept of harvest and productivity and their indicators.

Under harvest Agricultural statistics understands the total amount of production of a given type (of a given crop) obtained from the entire area sown with a crop in a farm, district, region, country.

Under productivity refers to the average size of a particular crop production per unit of sown area of a given crop (usually in centners per hectare).

Harvest characterizes the total volume of production of a given crop, and yield characterizes the productivity of this crop in the specific conditions of its cultivation.

Harvest indicators.

In accordance with the specifics of this phenomenon, the harvest is characterized by a number of indicators. These indicators include:

· species harvest;

· standing crop before timely harvesting;

· actual harvest (the so-called granary harvest);

· net collection.

Actual fee taken into account first in the initially recorded weight, and then in the actual weight of the grain after processing, as well as in terms of standard moisture content.

Species harvest(crop prospects) is not in the full sense of the word a statistical indicator of the harvest. This is a direct indicator of the condition of the crops. There is no harvest as a real category, as a completed result of cultivating a crop, only certain stages of development have been passed, and it is not the harvest that is assessed, but the state of the crops, a particular result of the completed phases of development, otherwise unfinished production. However, assuming that subsequent phases do not change the result, each given level of crop condition will correspond to a certain size of the expected harvest.

Standing crop before timely harvesting- a real fact. The crop is grown, the cultivation of the crop is completed due to the fact that the biological process development here has already been completed, or because the continuation of this process is of no further economic interest. However, economically, production has not yet been completed, and in order to complete it, that is, to turn the standing crop into an element of gross output, the crop must be harvested. But during the cleaning process (including operations to refine the product, i.e., bringing it to normal conditions), losses are possible.

A standing harvest is sometimes called biological, mechanically transferring this term from experimental practice. However, this term is unfortunate. Firstly, because even at this stage of production, the level of yield was achieved not in the order of the independent natural development of the crop, but by combining the capabilities of the culture with economic measures. Secondly, because the biological capabilities of a culture in economic conditions, unlike experimental conditions, are not fully revealed.

Since the standing crop is often determined by eye or species assessment, it is also called the species yield. This definition is incorrect, because these are not types of crops, but actually grown, but not yet harvested crops; therefore, every effort must be made to ensure that this crop is completely removed.

Actual harvest, or barn harvest, is an economically completed result of production. In size it is smaller than the standing crop (Wnc) by the amount of losses P, namely

The actual harvest during harvesting is taken into account in physical weight without reducing the price of subsequent waste (for grain during combine harvesting in the so-called bunker weight). Such accounting is necessary to control the further movement of products. However, due to significant fluctuations in humidity and contamination of grain, sunflower seeds and other products, this indicator is not entirely comparable. For comparison, it is more correct to use another indicator—the weight of grain (sunflower seeds, etc.) after processing (minus unused waste and drying). Since moisture differences are not completely eliminated here, when selling grain, it is used as an additional corrective indicator of moisture content. It is also possible to recalculate weight to standard humidity.

Net collection The harvest of any crop is the actual harvest (after processing) minus the seeds spent on this harvest.

Yield indicators.

Accordingly, the differentiation of yield indicators also differentiates yield indicators. Usually distinguished:

· species yield;

· standing yield before timely harvesting;

· actual collection per hectare (in the initially recorded weight and after modification).

· The actual average harvest per hectare is determined by calculating:

· a) to the spring productive area

· b) on the actually harvested area (uv.p).

· There is the following relationship between these two indicators

Uvp = uv.p. *ku

where Ku is the share of harvested area in the spring productive area.

State statistika considers the main indicator of yield to be yield per spring productive area, since this indicator more fully reflects the results of economic activity.

For a number of agricultural crops, such an indicator of productivity as net harvest per 1 hectare of spring productive area is important. A net harvest from 1 hectare makes it possible to more correctly economically assess the average productivity of winter and spring grain crops, since winter crops often experience autumn-winter and early spring death, entailing the loss of a corresponding number of seeds.

Methods for determining yield and productivity.

Crop types based on the state of the crops are determined by visually assessing the crops in different periods their development. When assessing by eye, depending on the time of assessment, the density of seedlings, the degree of plant development, the degree of tillering, the corresponding density of plant standing, the size of the ear, etc. are taken into account. The assessment of crops is carried out by agronomic personnel and is expressed in a comparative qualitative characteristic (poor, below average, average, above average, good), points (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), centners, in percent to the average level.

Standing yield before timely harvesting can be determined in three ways:

eye-wise, by carefully inspecting the crops before harvesting (the so-called subjective method);

instrumentally, by selectively placing meters on crops before harvesting (objective method);

by calculating(by balance calculation method ) based on complete actual collection data and sample loss data.

The standing harvest before the start of timely harvesting and the barn harvest differ by the amount of actual losses. Therefore, knowing two of these three indicators, you can calculate the value of the third. However, standing yield and losses can only be estimated approximately. Therefore, balance equations between the noted indicators will have some kind of error in determining losses or standing crops.

Currently, statistics takes the actual harvest as its main indicator. Until 1961, the amount of losses was determined selectively.

Both when assessing the standing crop yield and when analyzing the level of actual harvest per 1 hectare, it is necessary to clearly represent the constituent elements that directly determine the yield value. For example, the yield level of sugar beets depends on the number of plants (standing density) per hectare and the average weight of the root; for potatoes, on the number of bushes and the average weight of tubers per bush. For root and tuber crops, the value of these elements is often taken into account selectively when determining crop types. By comparing such values with the corresponding standards for various stages of the growing season, a conclusion is drawn about the possible level of yield.

The yield level of cereal grain crops is composed of the following elements: the number of ears, the number of grains in an ear, the absolute weight of the grain. Therefore, having certain selective data on the value of these elements, grain yield per hectare in centners can be determined by the following formula:

Unk = K*Z*A 100000

Where TO—number of ears per 1 m2;

Z- number of grains in an ear;

A— absolute weight of grain, i.e. weight of 1000 grains, g.

When assessing the yield on a farm by eye, areas with visible differences in yield are considered separately. After determining the yield for each field, the weighted average for the farm is found.

Species yield and productivity— These are the sizes of the emerging crop and the emerging yield, established by the state of crops at certain points during the growing season, sometimes taking into account meteorological conditions and some manifestations of economic life.

For a long time, the assessment of crop yields has been included in the program of a special statistical report.

Harvest and standing yield represent the sizes of grown agricultural products, established before the start of timely harvesting. This category of harvest and yield of agricultural crops is determined either on the basis of a subjective generalized assessment for a certain date, or the results of selective imposition of meters on crops before harvesting or other materials. Yield and standing yield were also determined using a number of methods. So, for example, from 1947 to 1953, the determination of yield was carried out by the State Inspectorate for Determining Yields based on reports from collective and state farms on yields, the results of selective marking of crops before harvesting, data on yields at variety testing sites of the State Commission for Variety Testing Sites, meteorological materials stations, as well as information on the condition of crops throughout the growing season.

Investor Encyclopedia. 2013 .

Synonyms: Synonym dictionary

The objectives of crop and productivity statistics are to correctly determine crop and yield levels and their changes compared to past periods and plan; to reveal, through analysis, the reasons for changes in dynamics and the factors that caused differences in yield levels between zones, regions, groups of farms; evaluate the effectiveness of various yield factors; find out untapped reserves for increasing productivity.

By harvest, agricultural statistics mean the total amount of production of a given type (of a given crop) obtained from the entire area sown with a crop in a farm, district, region, or country. Yield refers to the average size of a particular crop product per unit of sown area of a given crop (usually in centners per hectare).

Harvest characterizes the total volume of production of a given crop, and yield characterizes the productivity of this crop in the specific conditions of its cultivation.

Harvest indicators.

In accordance with the specifics of this phenomenon, the harvest is characterized by a number of indicators. These indicators include:

· species harvest;
· standing crop before timely harvesting;
· actual harvest (the so-called granary harvest);
· net collection.

The actual harvest is taken into account first in the initially recorded weight, and then in the actual weight of the grain after processing, as well as in terms of standard moisture content.

The species yield (harvest types) is not, in the full sense of the word, a statistical indicator of the yield. This is a direct indicator of the condition of the crops. There is no harvest as a real category, as a completed result of cultivating a crop, only certain stages of development have been passed, and it is not the harvest that is assessed, but the state of the crops, a particular result of the completed phases of development, otherwise unfinished production. However, assuming that subsequent phases do not change the result, each given level of crop condition will correspond to a certain size of the expected harvest.

The standing harvest before timely harvesting begins is a real fact. The crop is grown, the cultivation of the crop is completed due to the fact that the biological process of development here has already been completed, or because the continuation of this process is of no further economic interest. However, economically, production has not yet been completed, and in order to complete it, that is, to turn the standing crop into an element of gross production, the crop must be harvested. But during the cleaning process (including operations to refine the product, i.e., bringing it to normal conditions), losses are possible. A standing harvest is sometimes called biological, mechanically transferring this term from experimental practice. However, this term is unfortunate. Firstly, because even at this stage of production, the level of yield was achieved not in the order of the independent natural development of the crop, but by combining the capabilities of the culture with economic measures. Secondly, because the biological capabilities of a culture in economic conditions, unlike experimental conditions, are not fully revealed.

The actual harvest, or barn harvest, is the economically completed result of production. In size it is smaller than the standing crop (Wnc) by the amount of losses P, namely:

The actual harvest during harvesting is taken into account in physical weight without discounts for subsequent waste (for grain during combine harvesting in the so-called bunker weight). Such accounting is necessary to control the further movement of products. However, due to significant fluctuations in humidity and contamination of grain, sunflower seeds and other products, this indicator is not entirely comparable. For comparison, it is more correct to use another indicator - the weight of grain (sunflower seeds, etc.) after processing (minus unused waste and drying). Since moisture differences are not completely eliminated here, when selling grain, the percentage of moisture is used as an additional corrective indicator. It is also possible to recalculate weight to standard humidity.

The net harvest of any crop is the actual harvest (after processing) minus the seeds spent on this harvest.

Yield indicators.

Accordingly, the differentiation of yield indicators also differentiates yield indicators. Usually distinguished:

· species yield;
· standing yield before timely harvesting;
· actual collection per hectare (in the initially recorded weight and after modification).

The actual average harvest per hectare is determined by calculating:

a) to the spring productive area.

b) on the actually harvested area (uv.p).

There is the following relationship between these two indicators

Uvp = uv.p. *ku,

where Ku is the share of harvested area in the spring productive area.

State statistics consider the main indicator of yield to be yield per spring productive area, since this indicator more fully reflects the results of economic activity.

Determination of TLD based on qualitative assessment of soil

The determination method was proposed by the Belarusian Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry:

TLD = Bp*Cb*K (13)

Bp – soil quality, point;

Cb – price of arable land point, kg;

K – correction factor to the point price for the agrochemical properties of the soil.

TLD =32*50*0.94=15c/ha

Determination of programmable yield (PrU).

The value of the programmed yield is determined taking into account the difference between the COU and the TLD, which is compensated by introducing calculated doses of mineral and organic fertilizers. Thus, the programmed yield is calculated as a TLD with the increase in yield that should be obtained through fertilizers.

PrU – programmable yield, c/ha;

Дnpk – dose of mineral fertilizers, kg/ha;

Оnpk – payback of 1t of organic fertilizers, kg/t of product;

100 – conversion factor from kg to c.

The PrU level can also be determined by knowing the relative increase from fertilizers:

(15)

Pood – increase in yield from fertilizers, %

Thus, the yield of spring barley of 32 c/ha will be a guideline for the development of a structural model of a highly productive plant and sowing in general, as well as crop cultivation technology.

Table 7. Calculation of fertilizer doses for the programmed harvest based on the removal of nutrients. The yield of spring barley is 32 c/ha

Lit. designation	Indicators	Unit measured

	Removal of nutrients from the soil by one centner of crop
	The total removal of nutrients necessary to obtain the programmed harvest (Bo=B*U)


	Soil nutrient absorption coefficient
	The amount of nutrients received by plants from the soil (Ip=P1Kp0.1)
	Added organic fertilizers

	Nutrients entered into the soil with manure (Np=10SmO)
	Coefficient of nutrient absorption of organic fertilizers (per year of crop cultivation)
	Nutrients from organic fertilizers will be used by plants (Io=NpK1-20.1)
	The total amount of nutrients that plants can receive from soil and organic fertilizers (I = In + Io)
	It is necessary to add nutrients with mineral fertilizers (D=Wo-Ip)
	Coefficient of nutrient absorption of mineral fertilizers
	Dose of mineral fertilizers that must be applied taking into account their utilization rate (Dm=D:Km*100)
	Contains nutrients in fats
	Application rate of mineral fertilizers (Mu=Dm:St)

As can be seen from the table, the calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers is carried out taking into account the content of nutrients in the soil, taking into account the elements that entered the soil with mineral fertilizers, as well as taking into account the coefficient of their absorption by plants. To obtain the programmed yield, according to the calculation data, it is necessary to add 44 kg/ha of nitrogen in the active substance, 33.5 kg/ha of active ingredient phosphorus, 33.5 kg/ha of active ingredient to the soil. potassium This will be equal to the application of: 2 c/ha of UAN, 2.4 c/ha of simple superphosphate and 1 c/ha of potassium chloride.

On the world market, soybean has firmly established itself as the main oilseed trend. Food, feed, chemical industries - a variety of industries need this culture. As for our country, today soybeans are actively grown in the Far East and southern regions. However, the geography of its cultivation is gradually expanding, covering new territories. Thus, the works of Altai farmers who, as part of an experiment, began growing soybeans and achieved good results are recognized as a real breakthrough.

The market insists on increasing yields

It is obvious that agricultural producers need to work carefully to increase the yield of oilseed crops. Moreover, they have very effective tools at their disposal that allow them to achieve their goals in a short time.

First, let's look at some important numbers. If in 2010 the yield of Russian soybeans was 10.9 c/ha, then last year, a record year, it rose to 15.8 c/ha. For comparison: in countries that are world leaders in bean production, this figure exceeds the mark by 2 times.

There are several reasons why Russian manufacturers lag behind their American, Brazilian, Argentine, Indian, and Chinese colleagues. One of them is a ban on the use of GM technologies in Russian agriculture. It is no secret that they are widely used in soybean breeding and make it possible to achieve high yields in different countries of the world. But Russian farmers use seed obtained through traditional selection and pay close attention to the issues of protecting the crop from weeds, diseases and soil-dwelling insects, especially in the early stages of development.

The fact that effective protection of soybeans is the key to high yields is evidenced by the experience of real agricultural enterprises. Including those who cooperate with the well-known manufacturer of plant protection products and microfertilizers, Shchelkovo Agrokhim. This summer we visited several farms located in the Krasnodar Territory, and each found its own secrets of success. However, there is a common factor: openness to everything new and fruitful relations with Shchelkovo Agrokhim.

CONCEPTUAL AND EFFECTIVE

A few years ago holding "SMART", known in our country and abroad as the largest manufacturer of confectionery sunflower seeds, has expanded the scope of its activities. It included three agricultural enterprises located in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea. In one of them, Irin LLC, in the summer of 2017, a Village Meeting was held, organized by the Shchelkovo Agrokhim company and its official dealer, Kristall LLC.

The soybean protection system demonstrated on the farm aroused great interest among the event participants. It’s not surprising, because initially the situation in “Irene” was not easy: a foothill zone with a lot of precipitation, over-compacted soils, a large species composition of weeds - all this indicated that one could not count on high soybean yields.

However, as Deputy Director for Production, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences and Honored Agronomist of the Russian Federation Viktor Tsybulnikov says, in just one year of cooperation with Shchelkovo Agrokhim, the holding’s farms managed to obtain a yield of 22-38 c/ha. Considering that many neighbors could not cross the 15 c/ha bar, the result exceeded all expectations.

Earlier in the newspaper “Earth and Life” we talked about the history of cooperation between “Shchelkovo Agrokhim” and the farms that are part of “SMART” (see No. 3 dated February 1-15, 2017). But today we will focus your attention on the herbicidal protection of soybeans, demonstrated this summer at the Irene farm. It is based on a new product from the Shchelkovo Agrokhim company: herbicide CONCEPT®, MD (consumption rate 1 l/ha). This is a post-emergence selective systemic drug intended to control annual and some perennial dicotyledonous and annual cereal weeds. Contains 38 g/l imazamox and 12 g/l chlorimuron ethyl. The strengths of this herbicide are its long period of protective action, as well as soil herbicidal activity. Another distinctive feature of the product is its formulation - an oil dispersion. It ensures uniform coverage and retention of active substances on plants for as long as possible.

On the Irene farm, CONCEPT®, MD was used on overgrown weeds. Despite this fact and the heavy rainfall that occurred immediately before the chemical treatment, the soybean plants looked “excellent.” This is largely due to the absence of weeds, and therefore competition for nutrients.

Immediately after the event, we talked with one of its participants - the chief agronomist of Rostok LLC, Sergei Lanchak (Caucasian region).

No matter how much you grow this or that crop, the need to replenish your knowledge base with useful information always arises, he is sure. - It’s the same with soybeans: unlike wheat or corn, we cultivate it recently. And we came to Irene primarily to study the local technology of its cultivation. Of course, the natural and climatic conditions of the two regions are somewhat different. But the principle of operation and the individual preparations of the Shchelkovo Agrokhim company that are used here interested us very much. Judging by the fact that the development of culture on the farm is at a better level than ours, the “Shchelkovo” system of protection and fertilizing works perfectly. The results of using CONCEPT, MD were impressive: I know Shchelkovo Agrokhim as an innovator company, and the appearance of this product on the market fully justifies this title. After calculating the economics, we will make a decision regarding the purchase of this herbicide. I think it will fit perfectly into the system of protecting our economy,” our interlocutor summed up.

Flagships of herbicide protection

The opinion about the drug CONCEPT®, MD was also formed in LLC "Anastasievskoe", part of the structure of the JSC company "Agrokompleks" named after. N. I. Tkacheva (Slavyansky district). This year, another Rural Meeting was held at its base, at which soybeans were among the main “heroines”. Before the event, the department manager, Igor Bondarev, shared with us his impressions of the products manufactured by Shchelkovo Agrokhim.

The protection schemes offered by this company are highly effective. Separately, I would like to dwell on herbicides, which are an important part of agricultural technology,” says the specialist. - The fact is that soybeans are quite sensitive to competition with weeds. This is especially important at the beginning of the growing season. If you are late with treatments or use “weak” preparations, you can significantly lose in yield. Therefore, we pay increased attention to both the timing of processing and the selection of strong, but at the same time mild herbicides for the crop.

As for CONCEPT®, MD, the farm representative described it as “a very powerful and reliable herbicide.” But he warned: you need to be prepared for the fact that this product can “plant” the crop for some time. However, Igor Bondarev noted that after herbicide treatments, soybean quickly recovers and grows. As a result, in “Anastasievsky” the drug CONCEPT®, MD made it possible to effectively eliminate the problem of weeds, without having a fundamental impact on the development of crops.

But this is not the only herbicide from Shchelkovo Agrokhim that was used on the farm. Separately, Igor Bondarev focused on the drug GEYSER®, KKR.

Personally, I am very pleased with the effect of this herbicide: it not only clears the field of weeds, but at the same time surprises with its gentleness towards the crop,” summed up Igor Bondarev.

And now - a brief description of the drug itself. The herbicide GEYSER®, KKR contains 300 g/l bentazone and 45 g/l chisalofop-P-ethyl. Its spectrum of action includes cereal and dicotyledonous weeds in soybean crops. The drug acts on weeds present in the crops at the time of treatment. The period of protective action is until the second wave of weeds appears. An important nuance: bentazone in the form of acid, which is part of the drug, enhances the herbicidal effect of the drug compared to traditional salt-based products.

Collaboration with long experience

Other large farms in the Krasnodar Territory are also showing interest in Shchelkovo Agrokhim products. Including in Agroindustrial complex "Kubanhleb" (Tikhoretsky district) - an enterprise that, over 25 years of operation, has come a long way from a small farm to a diversified holding.

According to the chief agronomist Sergei Aleksandrovich Vasilyaka, the experience of joint work between Kubankhleb and Shchelkovo Agrokhim is at least 15 years. Over the years, partnerships have proven their effectiveness, and today the holding cooperates with the company on many parameters. Including soy protection products.

Two farms that are part of our holding use exclusively protective equipment from this manufacturer. Moreover, we test every new product that its specialists offer in our fields. Based on the harvesting results, we select products that are optimally suited to the natural and climatic conditions of the area,” says the chief agronomist.

By the way, this year the company offered Kubankhleb a protection and foliar feeding scheme, which demonstrated excellent results. It consisted of two treatments:

1. Herbicide CONCEPT®, MD;

2. Herbicide GEYSER®, KKR; insecticide KINFOS®, EC; agrochemicals Intermag Pod and Ultramag Boron.

Even in conditions of very high weediness in the cultivated fields, it was possible to achieve a yield of almost 20 c/ha. And this is not the limit!

Innovative achievements, effective drugs, good pricing policy, excellent work by specialists from the Krasnodar representative office. These are factors that speak in favor of our cooperation with Shchelkovo Agrokhim,” concluded Sergei Alexandrovich.

Microfertilizers as the key to success

Like all agricultural crops, soybean needs high-quality foliar nutrition to form a high yield. After all, during the growing season she faces many stress factors that prevent her from realizing her genetic potential. It is especially important to use microfertilizers in conjunction with herbicide treatments. For this purpose, the Shchelkovo Agrokhim company offers several products, each of which has its own area of responsibility. All of them were presented at Rural Meetings and showed excellent results in real field conditions.

An important role in the foliar nutrition scheme is played by the organo-mineral fertilizer BIOSTIM OIL. This is an absolutely natural product obtained from plant materials. It contains amino acids, macro- and microelements necessary for oilseeds, enhances resistance to disease and allows you to withstand stressful periods.

The next component of soybean foliar nutrition is ULTRAMAG BOR liquid fertilizer. The fact is that this crop has an increased need for boron. Therefore, it is very important for the agronomist to provide plants with this microelement.

And the third product is INTERMAG MOLYBDENUM: another nutritional element that is important for soybeans and takes part in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. A lack of molybdenum can cause the accumulation of nitrates in plants and inhibit the formation of energy components in cells.

Figures that are impressive

We talked about the drugs that were presented to farmers as part of the Rural Meetings 2017. But the main question concerns the results.

So, let’s take as a basis the indicators obtained at Irene LLC. Here, the traditional and proven protection scheme from Shchelkovo Agrochim (standard) was combined with a scheme using a new product - the fungicidal disinfectant DEPOSIT, ME.

Herbicidal protection was provided by the drug CONCEPT, MD. The drug VINTAGE®, ME (65 g/l difenoconazole and 25 g/l flutriafol) was responsible for the fungicidal protection. This product provides reliable protection against airborne diseases during the initial phases of the growing season. Fungicide VINTAGE®, ME is characterized by a high rate of penetration to the site of infection and a rapid therapeutic effect. In addition, its ability to inhibit the sporulation of pathogens and weaken secondary infection has been proven in the event that the optimal timing of spraying has been missed and disease symptoms have already appeared. Protection from insect pests was provided in the standard - FASCORD, KE, and in the new scheme - KINFOS, KE (table).

The yield at the standard was 22.6 c/ha. The figure is good, but not a record. Treatment of seed material with the new drug DEPOSIT, ME significantly reduced the infestation of seeds and seedlings by pathogens. The combination of dressing with microbiological fertilizer RIZOFORM led to better development of the root system and above-ground organs. And most importantly - to a record increase in yield of 30%, which once again proved that pre-sowing treatment of soybeans is an important element of the technology.

Table: Soybean protection schemes at Irene LLC, 2017.

Option

Protection circuit

Productivity, c/ha

Reference

Seed dressing:

Rizoform (3.0 l/t) + Static (0.85 l/t)

1 treatment: Concept, MD (1.0 l/ha)

2 processing: Geyser, KKR (2.0 l/ha)

Ultramag Boron (0.5 l/ha)

3 processing: Fascord, EC (0.15 l/ha)

4 processing: Tongara, BP (2.0 l/ha)

Option 1

Seed dressing:

Rizoform (3.0 l/t) + Static (0.85 l/t) + Deposit, ME (1.2 l/t)

1 treatment: Concept, MD (1.0 l/ha)

2 processing: Geyser, KKR (2.0 l/ha)

Vintage, ME (0.8 l/ha) + Kinfos, EC (0.4 l/ha)

Intermag Profi Legumes and legumes (1.0 l/ha)

Ultramag Boron (0.5 l/ha)

Intermag element Molybdenum (0.5 l/ha)

3 processing: Kinfos, EC (0.4 l/ha)

4 processing: Tongara, BP (2.0 l/ha)

(increase + 30%)

Thus, preparations and microfertilizers from Shchelkovo Agrokhim, used in one scheme, allow one to achieve high-quality results. This is protecting soybeans from weeds, increasing natural protective barriers, and realizing genetic potential. And the experience of Russian farms confirms that the Shchelkovo Agrokhim company has been and remains a leader in the production of crop products.

Yana Vlasova,

Correspondent "Land and Life of the Southern Federal District"

Crop types based on the state of the crops are determined by visually assessing the crops at different periods of their development. When assessing by eye, depending on the time of assessment, the density of seedlings, the degree of plant development, the degree of tillering, the corresponding density of plant standing, the size of the ear, etc. are taken into account. The assessment of crops is carried out by agronomic personnel and is expressed in a comparative qualitative characteristic (poor, below average, average, above average, good), points (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), centners, as a percentage of the average level.

Standing yield before timely harvesting can be determined in three ways:

- eye-wise, by carefully inspecting the crops before harvesting (the so-called subjective method);
- instrumentally, by selectively placing meters on crops before harvesting (objective method);
- by calculating(by balance calculation method ) based on complete actual collection data and sample loss data.

Currently, statistics take the actual harvest as the main indicator. Until 1961, the amount of losses was determined selectively.

Both when assessing the standing crop yield and when analyzing the level of actual harvest per 1 hectare, it is necessary to clearly represent the constituent elements that directly determine the yield value. For example, the yield level of sugar beets depends on the number of plants (standing density) per hectare and the average weight of the roots, potatoes - on the number of bushes and the average weight of tubers per bush. For root and tuber crops, the value of these elements is often taken into account selectively when determining crop types. By comparing such values with the corresponding standards for various stages of the growing season, a conclusion is drawn about the possible level of yield.

U NK = K*Z*A 100000

Where TO--number of ears per 1 m2;

Z- number of grains in an ear;

A--absolute grain weight, i.e. weight of 1000 grains, g.

When assessing the yield on a farm by eye, areas with visible differences in yield are considered separately. After determining the yield for each field, the weighted average for the farm is found.

Species yield and productivity-- These are the sizes of the emerging crop and the emerging yield, established by the state of crops at certain points during the growing season, sometimes taking into account meteorological conditions and some manifestations of economic life.

For a long time, the assessment of crop yields has been included in the program of a special statistical report.

During this period, harvest and standing yield were considered the main assessment indicators of the level of development of crop production industries. Moreover, according to harvest and standing yield data, the amount of payment in kind for work performed by machine and tractor stations on collective farms was determined.

In subsequent years, the crop and standing yield were used for different purposes. On many farms, the size of the grown yield of a number of agricultural crops is determined during control threshing. Materials about this serve as a guide in harvesting work. State statistics bodies used data on control harvests among other materials in the study of losses during harvesting.

Under normal economic conditions harvest And normal economic productivity understand: harvest and standing yield minus the so-called normal losses at a given level of development of agricultural technology and production organization. From 1933 to 1939, these categories were considered basic in statistics. Gross harvest in the modern sense is the amount of collected and capitalized products from the harvested main, repeated and inter-row crops of certain agricultural crops. Since 1994, gross grain production in statistics has been taken into account as a final indicator in physical mass after processing (cleaning and drying). For ongoing monitoring of harvesting, gross harvest; is shown in the initially capitalized mass.

For vegetables in protected soil, the gross harvest is determined as the sum of products collected from all turnovers by type of structure. A general collection of vegetables from all types of protected ground structures is also established, as well as a general collection of vegetables from open and protected ground. The gross harvest of fruits, berries and grapes includes products collected not only from plantings at fruit-bearing age, but also from young plantings that have not been put into operation.

Average yield agricultural crops (harvest per 1 hectare) is determined by dividing the gross harvest from the main crops (without intermediate, repeated and inter-row crops) by the specified spring productive sown area of these crops.

The fact that the spring productive area is used in the calculation stimulates the harvesting of the sown area. When calculating the average yield for the actually harvested area, it may turn out that a farm that allowed crops to die in summer, as well as left crops unharvested, will have a higher yield level compared to farms that completely harvested the entire sown area. For greenhouse vegetables, the average yield is found by dividing the gross harvest from all rotations by the used sown area for the first rotation. For perennial plantings, when calculating the average yield, the gross harvest from plantings at fruit-bearing age and the area of only fruit-bearing plantings are taken into account, regardless of whether there was a harvest from these plantings in the reporting year or not.

Categories barn harvest And barn yield in statistics are interpreted ambiguously. It is believed that a barn harvest is a harvest that arrived in barns, warehouses and was recorded in one order or another. Or is it a harvest collected in the farm’s barns and documented. There is also an understanding of the barn harvest as the volume of harvest received by the farm. From 1954 to 1964, state statistics bodies published harvest data under the heading Gross harvest (barn harvest) of grain crops. In subsequent years, publications use only the term gross collection.

Harvest and yield are both forecast indicators.