Drilling is the process by which a cylindrical mine opening (hole, hole) is constructed due to the destruction of rocks. Most often, drilling is carried out in the earth's crust. Less common in concrete and asphalt. Drilling is used to search, study and extract minerals; blasting operations; drainage of wetlands; laying underground communications; construction of pile foundations. There is a special classification of drilling methods. The first classification is based on the nature of rock destruction. They are divided into mechanical and non-mechanical. The first type is the destructive effect of the drilling tool on the rock. The second type - the destructive impact occurs without contact of the source of impact with the rock. Mechanical drilling, in turn, is divided into rotary, impact, rotary impact and rotary impact. Rotary drilling destroys rock by rotating a tool pressed to the bottom. For this type, most often, cutting type tools (rock cutting), diamond tools, shot drilling and shot cores are used. The choice of tool type depends on the strength of the rock. Impact methods include impact drilling and rotary impact drilling (drilling with rotary hammers). Drilling can also be divided according to the type of tool used to drill. From this classification we can distinguish screw, diamond, roller and rod.

There is a division by types of drilling machines (turbine, pneumatic percussion, perforating) and by the method of drilling wells (cluster and inclined).

Drilling, with its development and specialization, is mainly applied to three fundamental areas of technology. The first area is oil and gas drilling. To do this, fairly deep wells are drilled, several kilometers deep.

The second area is wells reaching depths of hundreds of meters. Such wells are drilled in search of solid minerals. The latter area is used in construction and mining for placing explosives in rocks. The depth of such wells ranges from several meters to tens of meters.
Drilling for water is the most critical stage when the issue of drainage and water supply for a home or cottage is resolved. It is customary to begin water supply for a cottage or home with a choice regarding the water source. Usually the owner himself does this. In order to complete the following drilling steps, special equipment and experienced personnel are required. Water well drilling is a high-tech type of construction service. This requires high professionalism of the performer. The most reliable source of water supply today can be considered an artesian well. Since it is not possible to find identical sections, the process of drilling for water is associated with many random factors. And the influence of the human factor in this area is very high.

All companies - professionals in the market and specialized organizations for drilling underwater wells must have detailed and complete information about drilling methods and local geological conditions. They must submit projects that very accurately indicate the projected depths and other characteristics of the wells and water quality.

In this work, the most important thing is that the geological specifics of the area and the specific place where work on drilling water wells is being carried out strictly corresponds to the level of the technical base used. Installations related to the need for equipment and equipment for well installation work are selected taking into account the depth and other parameters of the aquifer and aquifer.

When constructing water wells, it is not the drilling itself that is important, but also the selection and installation of a well pump. Control automation and water supply systems running from wells to a dacha or house are also used. In our daily life, the water supply system provides us with comfort. It's hard to imagine what we would do without her. The quality, reliability and reliability of water supply equipment today is at its best. And all this thanks to improved pumps and automatic control. In order to drill a well under water, it is necessary to open the limestone horizons. This type of drilling is called limestone drilling.

There is a sand well for water. The advantages of such a well are low cost, ease of maintenance, quick installation and no need for registration and licensing of wells. All the necessary water is located at great depths and to lift it from this depth, special pumps for wells are used. Trenchless technologies are used to lay pipelines made of polyethylene or steel. Such technologies include directional drilling, under-road piercing and HDD piercing. If you have not yet gotten involved with drilling water wells, you may be wondering why they are needed at all. They are needed in order to organize an individual water supply system for a home or cottage. You will gain independence from all centralized water supply systems, incorrectly functioning automation and the eternal problem of pipeline corrosion. For the proper operation of the heating and sewage system of your home, as well as for the convenience of living, you must organize your own water well.

In order to choose the right well, you need to fully study the needs of residents and the purpose of using the well. The location for which the well is drilled plays a significant role. This could be a large house with water consumption or a small house with a garden area.

Depending on the quality of water supply, budget, and volume of water consumption, certain types of water well drilling can be distinguished. Drilling small filtered grains of sand into the horizon (drilling wells into sand) is carried out to a depth of up to 30 meters. More precisely, until the sandy horizon is reached. After this, a well is usually installed, the diameter of which is from 126 millimeters to 134 millimeters. The internal diameter of the pipe of this well ranges from 126 millimeters to 134 millimeters. This pipe consists of a pipe called casing and the capacity of which is up to 20 liters per minute.

Most often, drilling a well in sand takes about two working days. If you decide to drill a well and value for money for the water supply system of an area with low water consumption, then a shallow sand well is best for you. Also, it is suitable for a summer house or a house in which you live only in the summer or spring - autumn. Like all other wells, a sand well has its disadvantages. The main disadvantage of such a well is the very high probability of being flooded. The service life of the pipes depends on how often the well is used and on the natural potential of the horizon. In addition to drilling wells for sand, there is drilling of wells for limestone (artesian well). It consists of drilling wells to a depth of 20 meters to 210 meters to the aquifer. Drilling is carried out to the layers of limestone. Limestone wells are distinguished from other wells by their high productivity, which reaches up to 100 cubic meters per hour. Also, such wells can boast of high reliability.

As for the depth of wells for limestone, it is much greater than the depth of sand wells. But because of this, the complexity of the work increases. Drilling an artesian well usually takes about three days. If you are going to live in your house or cottage all year round, then this type of water well will suit you best. It will help you always have crystal clear water in your home. Among the main advantages of such a well are the following: a large supply of water, a significant operational life due to the stability of the aquifers of the limestone slabs. While drilling an artesian well, its walls are strengthened. This helps the well serve you from 35 to 55 years. The disadvantage of such drilling is the need for additional equipment for the water that is supplied to the well. After drilling, it is important to choose the right water treatment system. If you have installed an artesian well, then be sure that your home will always have clean drinking water for many years. Usually, wells begin to be drilled before the house is built. This will allow you to save money and your own efforts. This also significantly affects the convenience of building a house, because you will need a lot of water.

Before you start drilling, you also need to take a very responsible approach to the placement of all objects on the site. If, after all, the dacha or house was built before the water supply was organized, then there is nothing wrong with that. With the help of experienced specialists, well drilling can be done at any time during the construction of a house. In order to do all the drilling work correctly, you need professional technical equipment that allows you to perform work of absolutely varying complexity and in all weather conditions. In principle, such work can be carried out at any time of the year. Winter time is favorable for the customer in that fairly heavy and powerful machines will not damage the site. Also, the slag that is brought to the surface during drilling does not clog the territory of the building.

In advance, before choosing a place to drill a water well, you need to accurately measure 15 meters from the septic tank. If the slope of the terrain on the territory of the building is towards the well, then the distance to the septic tank must be increased to 20 meters. The distance from the foundation or fence to the well should be no closer than three meters. The drilling method is selected depending on the structure of the soil, and the working area should be 24 cubic meters.
Since a water well can be called a capital structure, the area in which water drilling will be carried out must be very carefully selected. It should be located above an aquifer, which is favorable for the subsequent operation of the well. Also, the territory of the building must be adapted for repair work. The place where the well will be located must comply with relevant environmental standards and be protected from pollution. But we must remember that not every well has the opportunity to be water-bearing. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the calculations of the location of the future well before drilling with great responsibility. Important points in drilling are: determining the type of soil, checking the area for the presence of vegetation, and analyzing the surface of the area. This analysis includes the topography, finding a suitable location for the well, a thorough check for harmful sources of pollution and the presence of water on the surface, and a study of the conditions that lie below the surface of the site.
To determine the area for drilling a water well, a highly qualified specialist travels to the place where the work is expected to be carried out. He discusses with the customer the location of the future well, checks the availability of power supply at the site and selects a place for specialized equipment, workers’ accommodation, a water carrier and a drilling rig. The next step after drilling a water well is the construction of the well itself. The purpose of constructing a well is to supply water from the well itself to the surface of the site using a special pump. The pressure of this pump should raise the water to the surface. Drilling water wells requires the installation of a caisson. It is thanks to him that the customer will be able to drink clean drinking water at any time of the year. A caisson is a metal reservoir that prevents water from freezing in winter. It also serves as an excellent protector against groundwater and other contaminants. Pipelines are laid from the caisson to the cottage or house. They are laid at a depth of 1.9 meters.

Drilling a well includes the installation of an automatic, uninterrupted pump control system and a variety of filters to clean water from unnecessary impurities.

Well, the very last, final stage in drilling water wells is the chemical analysis of water. To do this, after all the drilling work has been done, a water sample is taken from the well and a chemical analysis is performed. This analysis allows us to determine whether the water is suitable for daily use and for the normal operation of plumbing fixtures and household appliances. After all, if the water is unsuitable and contains contaminants and impurities, it will not only lead to breakdown of plumbing equipment, but will also cause great damage to the human body.

Well, at the end of the drilling work, all that remains is to equip it with the help of a casing. A casing is a structure that consists of pipes. These pipes are connected to each other using the threaded method. More precisely, this thread is called a conical trapezoidal thread. Depending on the type of work, ordinary welding is also used to construct casing columns. If you have completed all the stages associated with drilling wells for water, including its arrangement, then we can confidently say that the work has come to an end and you can now enjoy your personal water supply. If you did this work on your summer cottage, where you appear only at a certain time, then naturally the well will not be in working condition for a long time. After a long break (a year or more), the well must be checked. Most likely, after checking the well, it will need to restore the productivity of the aquifer well and clean it. Cleaning consists of flushing the bottom-hole zone using a water-air mixture, cleaning the filter, and there is also the possibility of replacing the casing strings.

Drilling water wells in Perm includes the steps listed above. Experienced specialists will help you when choosing a place of work and making calculations that are necessary for the proper operation of the water supply.

Vladimir Khomutko

Reading time: 5 minutes

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What is an oil well?

It is difficult to imagine modern life without petroleum products. They are made from oil, which is extracted using special mining operations. Many of us have heard the term "oil well", but hardly everyone knows what it really is. Let's try to figure out what this structure is and what they are like.

A well is a cylindrical mine opening whose diameter is many times less than the total length of its shaft (depth).

In addition to the well, there are also mining workings such as a well and a mine. How do they differ from the definition we are considering? It's actually quite simple. A person can get into a mine or well, but not into a well. Thus, an additional definition of this structure is as follows: a mine opening, the layout and shape of which excludes human access to it.

The upper part of such a working is called the mouth, and the lower part is called the face. The walls going down form the so-called trunk.

Everyone knows that wells are made by drilling. However, to say that they are simply drilled would be incorrect. These capital structures, complex in their structure, are rather built underground, and therefore they are classified as the organization’s fixed assets, and the costs of their drilling and arrangement are capital investments.

Construction of oil and gas wells

The well design is selected at the design stage and must meet the following requirements:

• the design should provide free access to the bottom of geophysical instruments and downhole equipment;
• the design must prevent the collapse of the barrel walls;
• it must also ensure reliable separation of all passable layers from each other and prevent the flow of fluids from layer to layer;
• if necessary, the design of this excavation should make it possible to seal its mouth if such a need arises.

The construction and installation of oil and gas wells is carried out as follows:

1. The first step is to drill an initial large-diameter shaft. Its depth is about 30 meters. Then a metal pipe, which is called a direction, is lowered into the drilled hole, and the space surrounding it is installed with special casing pipes and cemented. The purpose of the direction is to prevent erosion of the upper soil layer during further drilling.
2. Further, to a depth of 500 to 800 meters, a shaft of smaller diameter is drilled, into which a column of pipes, called a conductor, is lowered. The space between the pipe walls and the rock is also filled with cement mortar to its entire depth.
3. Only after the direction and conductor have been arranged, the well is drilled to the depth specified by the design, and a pipe string of even smaller diameter is lowered into it. This column is called the production column. If the formation depth is large, then it is possible to use so-called intermediate pipe columns. The entire space between the wellbore and the surrounding rock is filled with cement.

What is the main purpose of a conductor? The fact is that at depths of up to 500 meters there is an active zone of fresh water, and below this depth (depending on the development region) a zone with difficult water exchange begins, in which there is a lot of salt water and other mobile fluids (including gases and oil ). So, the main task of the conductor is additional protection that prevents salinization of surface fresh waters and does not allow harmful substances that are concentrated in the lower layers to penetrate into them.

What types of wells are there?

Depending on the geological conditions in which oil fields are located, different types of such workings are drilled.

Main types of wells:

• vertical;
• obliquely directional;
• horizontal;
• multi-barrel or multi-hole.

A well is called vertical if the angle of deviation of its trunk from the vertical is no more than five degrees.

If this angle is more than five degrees, then it is already an oblique-directional type.

A well is called horizontal if the angle of deviation of its trunk from the vertical is approximately 90 degrees. However, there are some nuances to this definition. Since “straight lines” are rarely found in living nature, and the developed strata most often lie with some slope, then from a practical point of view, as a rule, there is no point in drilling strictly horizontal wells.

It is easier and more efficient to direct the barrel along the optimal trajectory. Based on this, we can define the horizontal type of such workings as a well that has an extended shaft, drilled as close as possible to the direction of the target productive formation while maintaining the optimal azimuth.

Wells that have two or more trunks are called multilateral or multilateral. Their difference from each other is in the location of the branching point, at which additional ones depart from the main table. If this point is located above the level of the productive horizon, then this type of development is called multi-shaft. If this point is located within the productive horizon, then this is a multilateral well type.

Simply put, if the main trunk is drilled to the developed formation, and additional branches are drilled inside it, then this is a multilateral type (the productive formation is broken through at one point). All other workings with several shafts are classified as multi-barrel (several points of penetration of the formation). Also, this type of well is typical in cases where the layers are located at different horizons.

In addition, there are also cluster wells. In this case, several trunks diverge at different angles and to different depths, and their mouths are close to each other (like a bush planted upside down).

This classification provides for the following categories of such mine workings:

Exploration drilling is carried out in areas whose oil or gas content has already been established, in order to clarify the volumes of discovered hydrocarbon deposits and to clarify the initial parameters of the field, which are necessary when designing a method for developing a field, therefore special attention is paid to exploration.

Production drilling creates the following types of workings:

• main (production and injection);
• reserve;
• control;
• evaluative;
• duplicating;
• wells for special purposes (absorption, water intake, and so on).

The extraction of raw materials itself is carried out through mining workings, which are pumping, gas-lift and fountain.

The purpose of injection wells is to influence the developed formation by injecting steam, gas or water into it, as well as other working media. They are intra-contour, peri-contour and contour.

Reserve ones are necessary for the development of individual and stagnant zones, as well as pinch-out zones that are not included in the contour of the main wells.

Controls are needed to monitor the current position of the contact zones of the extracted resource and water and other changes in the formation under development. In addition, they help control pressure in productive formations.

Estimators are needed for a preliminary assessment of fields being prepared for development. They help determine the boundaries and sizes of reserves, as well as other necessary preliminary parameters.

Duplicate ones are used during the replacement of wells in the main stock that are being liquidated due to physical wear or accidents.

Through special ones, process water is extracted, industrial water is discharged, open fountains are eliminated with their help, and so on.

The process of drilling an oil well, by the nature of its impact on rocks, is:

• mechanical;
• thermal;
• physico-chemical;
• electric and so on.

Oil well design

Industrial development of deposits involves the use of only mechanical methods, which use different drilling modes. All other drilling methods are in experimental development.

Mechanical drilling methods are divided into rotary and percussion.

The impact method is the mechanical destruction of rock, which is carried out by a special tool suspended on a rope - a chisel. Such a drilling complex also includes a rope lock and a shock rod. This device is suspended on a rope, which is thrown over a block mounted on the drilling mast. The reciprocating movement of the bit is provided by a special drilling rig. The barrel acquires a cylindrical shape due to the rotation of the bit during operation.

The face is cleaned of destroyed rock using a bailer, which resembles a long bucket with a valve on the bottom. The tool is removed from the barrel, the bailer is lowered, and its valve is opened in the face. The bucket is filled with liquid containing rock pieces, the valve closes, and the full bailer lifts to the surface. That's it, you can continue drilling.

In Russia, shock drilling is practically not used at the moment.

The rotational method is based on immersing the bit into the rock mass by simultaneously applying vertical load and torque to the tool. The vertical load allows the bit to be driven into the rock, and then, using torque, the bit chips, wears and crushes the rock.

According to the method of location of the power unit, rotary drilling is divided into rotary and downhole drilling. In the first case, the engine stands on the surface, and the torque is transmitted to the bottom of the drill pipe strings. In the second case, the engine is placed immediately behind the bit, and the drill string does not rotate (only the bit rotates).

The world's deepest well is the Kola Superdeep Well (SG-3). Its depth is 12,262 meters. It was drilled in the Murmansk region to study the deep structure of the Earth.

DRILLING WELLS FOR WATER - EVERYTHING YOU WANTED TO ASK ABOUT...

Earth is a planet of water. If you want independence, you need your own water. If you need water, you cannot do without drilling a well on your site.

• What types of wells are there?

For water intake in the Moscow region there are: filter wells (up to 35 m - “for sand”) and deep (up to 100 m or more - “for limestone”), they are sometimes called “artesian” wells, although Professor A. Gadzhi-Kasumov believes that artesian wells are wells with “self-flowing” (after the name of the French province of Artois, where such wells were first drilled). In the memory of our workers, there was only one such well.

A filter (sand) well is drilled into the nearest aquifer located in sandy soils, and its depth is usually 20-30 m; the well consists of a casing of pipes with a diameter of 127-133 mm and a braided mesh filter. Its flow rate is up to 1 m 3 /hour. Well drilling is done quite quickly - within one to two working days.

However, these wells tend to silt up, and their service life directly depends on both the thickness of the aquifer and the intensity of its operation: the more often a well is used, the longer it lasts (in practice, up to 15 years, more often - 5-8 years).

Deep (“artesian”) wells (for limestone) are drilled to the aquifer lying within Moscow and the region in limestone at depths of 20-200 m, and are distinguished not only by their depth and productivity (up to 100 m 3 /hour), but also the complexity of drilling. Such wells are usually drilled with a larger diameter and greater depth than “sand wells”. This is due to the large number of casing strings in the well, and the higher the price per linear meter of drilling a well directly depends on the diameter of the casing pipes and, consequently, their cost. increases to 5 or more days depending on the rock and depth. The cost of drilling a well with limestone is higher, but the service life is much longer - 50 years or more, since the filter in such wells is the aquifer itself (limestone) and silting does not occur.

• What is the depth of an artesian well?

Across the Moscow region, aquiferous limestones occur unevenly from 20 m in the south to 200 m in the north. An approximate display of depths can be seen in the diagram; more accurate ones can be found only using cadastres. The most accurate thing is that you will find out after drilling the well itself.

Approximate occurrences
aquifers

• What is the diameter of the well?

For sand wells: 127-133 mm. For a limestone well for personal water supply, the diameter of the column at the top can vary from 127 to 324 mm depending on the pump performance, depth and design of the well. The volume of water consumption when drilling an industrial well dictates much larger diameters.

• What kind of pipes are in the well?

Steel ("black"). Steel St20, seamless drawn. Wall 5 mm. Connections are threaded or welded. Galvanized pipes are not suitable for the casing string of the mine - over time, harmful zinc compounds appear in the water. Do not drink water from a galvanized well!

• Do you need plastic?

The question is, of course, an interesting one... On the one hand, of course, there are progressive technologies, but on the other hand, there are no statistics on plastic pipes; they appeared only 1.5 years ago ( The article was written in 2003. - V.S.), how plastic pipes will behave in 40 years is unknown, but a black pipe is predictable: its service life with a wall thickness of 5 mm is 50 years (at a corrosion rate of 0.1 mm per year).

However, for discerning customers, plastic pipes are installed inside the casing (they will not save you from corrosion, but will make the pump more comfortable to operate by cutting off particles of rust from the walls of the steel column from the expensive mechanism), the price of a meter of drilling such a well is 400-700 rubles. expensive. Sometimes, in difficult geological conditions, a plastic column inside a steel one can be useful, i.e. no plastic is used instead of steel pipes, and together with them.

Plastic instead of steel is sometimes used in small wells, but it must be approached with caution: a steel column is stronger than a plastic one and better resists soil movements.

• But the “black pipe” is iron, and there’s already a lot of iron in the water...

In the water of the Moscow region, the presence of iron is due to the content of chemically dissolved divalent iron (in rust - trivalent) in the aquifer. In Moscow, water comes to the tap after passing through kilometers of “black” pipes, but there is no iron in it!

Iron or fluorine present in the chemical composition of water from an artesian well is determined using chemical analysis and removed using special iron-removing filters (by oxidizing and converting it into sediment). Filters are a necessary attribute of autonomous water supply.

• Which well is better?

A shallow well for sand is cheaper. With a drilling cost of 1,100 rubles per linear meter, a 20-meter well will cost (without equipment) 22 thousand rubles. An artesian well 100 m deep (1,300 rubles per meter of drilling) costs 130 thousand rubles. Their average service life is 5 and 50 years, respectively. The price/lifetime ratio (4400 and 2600 respectively) is clearly not in favor of the sand well. And we did not take into account the costs of arrangement, the price of which, practically, will depend only on the pump, and the caisson will be the same.

At the same time, we must not forget about the incomparable water abundance of aquiferous limestones and perched water. And if you take into account the ecology and the proximity of aquifers to the surface of the earth with its stormwater, cesspools and microorganisms, then everything will become clear. However, any problem is solved based on the goal: for irrigation - a shallow well, for year-round life support for the cottage - an artesian one.

• What is included in the cost of drilling a well?

Travel to the work site, drilling itself, casing the well with a string of pipes, pumping to visually clean water. Express analysis is possible.

• Some firms include chem. analysis of the cost of drilling a meter of well...

Chem. analysis can be included in the work of drilling a well, but it will not give a reliable and complete picture, since immediately after drilling the well still contains imported water used in drilling. Water samples for analysis should be taken after three weeks of operation, when the composition of the water is completely stabilized, i.e. It is better if the analyzes are carried out during the installation, because based on their results, water treatment equipment will be selected.

• At what distance from the house is it possible to install a well?

No closer than 3 meters.

• What is "arrangement"?

For year-round water consumption, the well must be completed with a buried (sealed steel box) for all-season maintenance of pumping equipment. A pipeline is laid from the caisson at a depth of 1.8 m into the house. Automation is installed for uninterrupted control of the pump and filters for purifying water from the well from mechanical impurities.

• Why is drilling an artillery well more expensive?

The cost of drilling a well directly depends on the price of the casing metal (recently there has been a sharp jump in prices on the stock exchange). The diameter of the casing depends on the depth of the well and the planned water consumption (a more powerful pump has larger dimensions). Drilling a meter of artesian well is also more expensive because more powerful equipment is used.

• Why do some companies drill cheaper...

1. There is an old stock of pipes left (this won't last long).
2. Light galvanized pipes are used (they are also beautifully called “anodized”). Due to the anti-corrosion coating, the thickness of the pipe can be reduced, and drilling due to metal savings will be much cheaper. In this case, the health of the customer is not taken into account, who after some time will begin to consume harmful zinc compounds with water. In addition, in acidic groundwater the column will deteriorate more quickly.
3. Some companies make it a prerequisite for the installation of their equipment or arrangement. They will take their share in this part of the estimate.
4. Short warranty period.

• Do I need a license for the right to use subsoil?

It is not needed for drilling a shallow well in sand, just like for a well. To drill an artillery well, it is necessary. But some companies act as follows: they issue two passports, one for the owner, the other for the inspection authorities. This, of course, is not good. For industrial wells, a license for environmental management is absolutely necessary. takes up to six months.

• What if there is no water?

In exceptional cases, when drilling into sand in the indicated place, there is no water, or there is not enough water - the well is regarded as an exploration well, and only 50% contract price.

• Which pumps are better?

A recognized leader in its field, the German company Grundfos has been manufacturing its excellent pumps from corrosion-resistant stainless steel for thirty years. Although there are options, pumps from Italy are also quite good, and the cheapest is our “Malysh” (we recommend those produced by the Moscow Dynamo plant). Personally, I have “Aquarius” in my well. Submersible well pumps of various modifications are produced in Italy.

• Is it possible to clear a silted shallow well?

Yes, it is possible, it requires a special tool, there is a restoration method by flushing the filter in the lower part of the well with water under pressure, the well is pumped, fine particles are washed out of the filter, and the flow of water is resumed. - a complex, high-tech process, it is carried out by specialized companies.

• Is it possible to install a well right in the house?

Yes, it is possible, but not deep. There are small-sized drilling rigs; you can drill a well in the basement of a house - if the ceilings are at least 2 m. An interesting alternative is. However, a serious well cannot be located in the basement, even if the house itself has not yet been built, because... maintenance and repairs (pump replacement, maintenance, etc.) require the use of large-sized ones, access to which is impossible in the basement of the house.

• Instead of a conclusion

It is best to start drilling a well before building a house, immediately after marking the area with pegs. This will save a lot of effort and money on restoring the fence and lawn after the drillers arrive, provide the builders with drinking and technical water, and give the opportunity to feel like the owner of the property even before the fence is erected.

If things don’t work out right away with the well, don’t despair - you can do it later, in any case, your own well will give completeness to your property and give you a sense of independence.

• Post Scriptum

And one last thing. If you find this article in whole or in part on the website of any drilling company without reference to the source, i.e. presented as your own, think about whether it is worth dealing with people who do not care about their reputation.

Victor Svirin

When citing an article, please be sure to provide a link to the source. Thank you.