English philosopher, founder of the analytical tradition in philosophy
short biography
(eng. George Edward Moore; November 4, 1873, London, England, UK - October 24, 1958, Cambridge, England, UK) - English philosopher, founder of the analytical tradition in philosophy (together with Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell).
He studied and then taught at Cambridge University.
He made a substantiation of neorealism (“Refutation of Idealism”, 1903); developed a method of logical analysis.
Philosophy
Logical analysis
In the spirit of neorealism, Moore spoke of the consciousness-independent existence of concepts. The concept is comprehended intuitively and enters into a relationship with thought. A judgment is constructed from concepts. Regarding judgments of existence, Moore adhered to the point of view according to which they differ from other judgments only in the presence of the concept of existence. A fact has the form of a judgment, so a reference to a fact does not have evidentiary value. The existence of the world is the existence of concepts - this is how Moore’s ontology can be briefly summarized.
Later, his point of view on the nature of fact and judgment undergoes changes. Arguing against subjective idealism, Moore turns his criticism to the well-known Berkeleyan principle “esse est percipi”, proving its logical inconsistency (the connective “est” is in fact logically illegitimate), which should be enough to demonstrate the inconsistency of all other constructions. This analysis prompts Moore to turn to a consideration of what sensation is. He resolved the question of the difference between a material object and sensation in different ways (from “Refutation of Idealism” to the work “Several Judgments on Perception”). As a result, the existence of the material world, quite in the spirit of the English-speaking philosophical tradition, is linked to common sense (“Defense of Common Sense”), the significance of which is determined by its universality. In contrast to the Cartesian approach, Moore points not to the individual certainty of the existence of the “I”, but to the universal conviction of people in the real existence of their bodies. Universality makes criticism untenable (“Proof of the External World”). At the same time, Moore recognizes a consistent philosophical analysis of common sense as an unfulfilled task.
Ethics
In ethics he took the position of intuitionism. In the fundamental work “Principia Ethica” (“Foundations of Ethics”, “Principles of Ethics” - the Latin title reflects the tradition of creating “neo-medieval” titles) he defended the concept of autonomous ethics, which cannot be justified at the expense of any other reality, including religion. This work is one of the largest devoted to the problems of metaethics. The consideration of ethics rests on the analysis of its language, which connects Moore's ethical theory with his entire system of views. He distinguishes between “good as such” and “good as a means.” The first is a concept, indefinable and, like all concepts, comprehended intuitively. Moore designated attempts to define it and derive ethics from extra-ethical phenomena as a “naturalistic error.” “Good as a means” implies, in addition to comprehending “good as such,” an analysis of the connection between actions and the results they generate. What is ethically correct is identical to what is most beneficial; ethical precepts imply that certain actions will be beneficial. The perfection of an action (as well as its obligatory nature) is determined by the volume and universality of the good achieved. In the field of ethical axiology, Moore defines the content of value as a certain state of consciousness. The most value-laden ones are communicative pleasure and aesthetic pleasure. Moore's concept of ethics remains one of the most fundamental for the 20th century, despite the fact that it preserves ethics as an independent structured area of philosophical knowledge.
Essays
- Moore J.E. Principles of ethics / Transl. from English Konovalova L.V. - Moscow: Progress, 1984. - 326 p.
- In defense of common sense. 1925.
- Moore J. Refutation of Idealism // Historical and Philosophical Yearbook = The Refutation of Idealism / Translation and preface to the publication by I. V. Borisova. - M.: Nauka, 1987. - P. 242-265. - 7900 copies.
- Moore D.E. Proof of the external world // Analytical philosophy: Selected texts / Comp., intro. Art. and comment. A.F. Gryaznova. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1993. - P. 66-84. - 181 p. - 10,000 copies.
- Moore J.E. The Nature of Moral Philosophy [and other works] / Preface. A.F. Gryaznov and L.V. Konovalova; Per. from English, comp. and approx. L.V. Konovalova. - M.: Republic, 1999. - 351 p. - (Bill of ethical thought). - 5000 copies.
MOORE, GEORGE EDWARD(Moore, George Edward) (1873–1958), English philosopher. Born in London on November 4, 1873. In 1898–1904, a member of the council of Trinity College, Cambridge University, from 1911 he lectured on ethics, and from 1925 a professor of philosophy at Cambridge. In 1940–1944 he taught at a number of American colleges and universities, then returned to Cambridge. From 1921 to 1947, Moore was editor of Mind magazine. In 1918 he was elected a member of the British Academy of Sciences, and in 1951 he was awarded the Order of Merit. Moore died in Cambridge on October 24, 1958.
Moore is one of the most influential thinkers in modern Anglo-American philosophy; this influence is due not only to the method of philosophizing he proposed, but also to a number of concepts with which his name is associated. Moore's efforts were aimed at analyzing relatively particular, although fundamental, philosophical problems; and he sought to fully understand the meaning of the statements of philosophers and the premises on which the truth or falsity of their theses was based.
His interests included ethics, the theory of knowledge and methods of philosophical analysis. Many of his ideas served as the beginning of entire trends in philosophy, but he himself later often rejected or seriously modified his theses.
Moore's main contribution to ethics was his analysis of the meaning of the fundamental ethical concepts of “good,” “right,” and “duty,” primarily in his work Beginnings of ethics (Principia Ethica, 1903). From his point of view, goodness is comprehensible only in direct intuition (so-called ethical intuitionism). Moore vigorously criticized the main ethical systems for attempting to define the meaning of “good” in “naturalistic” terms of pleasure, utility, etc. In his understanding, intuition allows us to see that the good things in life are certain wholes consisting of aesthetic pleasures, love and friendship.
Moore's work on the theory of knowledge allows us to speak of him as a pioneer of the movement that aimed at reviving Platonic realism. In the article Refutation of idealism (The refutation of idealism, 1903), published in the journal Mind, criticized subjectivist theories of knowledge, such as Berkeley's theory, in which the existence of things is made dependent on their perception. Moore remained a realist on many important points, although on a number of points he found his earlier views dubious. In the article The nature of judgment(The nature of judgment, 1898), which also had a great influence on the subsequent development of philosophy and logic, he subjected to detailed analysis and criticism one of the main assumptions of Hegelianism (in particular, the system of F. Bradley), namely the thesis that there are no purely external relations. According to absolute idealism, all relationships are internal and necessary. The idea of “internal relations” is based on the holistic doctrine that the properties of individual things are in some sense secondary to the properties of the entire Universe as a whole, the same dependence can be traced between the mind and “external objects”. Criticism of the theory of internal relations was carried out by Moore and B. Russell from the point of view of the so-called. an atomistic picture of the world, according to which the world consists of many individuals, relationships between which exist or do not exist due to random circumstances.
Moore's work on the method of philosophy drew attention to the role of linguistic analysis in solving philosophical problems. Moore tried to show that a number of traditional problems cannot be considered genuine because they arise from the misuse of ordinary language. He also defended the position of common sense and the Scottish school of T. Reed. Fruitful for many areas of philosophy was the distinction he proposed in this regard between understanding the meaning of such common sense judgments as “The earth existed for many years” and the ability to conduct a correct analysis of this meaning.
Among Moore's publications, we also note Philosophical studies (Philosophical Studies, 1922); Some major problems of philosophy (Some Main Problems of Philosophy, 1953); Philosophical works (Philosophical Papers, 1959); Book of Commonplaces, 1919–1953 (Commonplace Book, 1919–1953, 1962).
The famous medium John Edward became a victim of a spirit
While working on the release of the program “Journey into the Unknown” (Zone Reality channel), the operator filmed the spirit of a deceased woman, and the presenter was injured
Last Friday, filming of the next episode of the program “Journey into the Unknown with John Edward” ended, which has been airing for several months on the Zone Reality TV channel (it belongs to the Chello Zone company and is available in packages of most of the largest Russian cable and satellite operators). In Russia, more than three million viewers watch the program “Journey into the Unknown with John Edward” every week. The result of the completed filming was a unique video of the anger of the ghost of a dead woman and the trauma inflicted on the presenter and medium John Edward by... the spirit.
The medium John Edward is well known in the West - he hosts his own television programs, performs seances, and has published several books about spiritualism. Famous American actresses Kirsten Dunst and Jane Seymour became participants in the John Edward show. “I realized that I could talk to the dead in my youth,” John admits. – I met a woman who seemed strange to me. But she said that I have a great gift and will be able to help people.” And so it happened... Now, as part of his Journey into the Unknown program, John Edward helps people establish contact with deceased relatives or friends. More than once his shows became a real sensation not only for viewers, but also for specialists studying the phenomenon of spiritualism. In 2006, John Edward was among the psychics who tried to establish contact with the spirit of John Lennon. The program “The Spirit of John Lennon” was broadcast not only in the USA, but also in Russia.
To film the new episode of the program “Journey into the Unknown,” John Edward had to come to the town of Harrisburg (Pennsylvania). The hero of the next story, Tad Lindem, said that he would like to talk with his mother, who died several years ago under mysterious circumstances. John Edward and the film crew were stationed at Ted Lindham's house. At the moment of establishing contact, a strange thing happened.
“It all happened suddenly,” says John Edward. “Our group was on the second floor of the building when I managed to make contact. But at the moment the spirit appeared in the room, a vase broke, and one of its fragments flew straight at my head. The wrath of the spirit is a rare occurrence.” Cameraman Jerad Parkinson admitted that he was finally convinced of John Edward’s supernatural abilities: “I’m used to the fact that during filming we often have problems with equipment. But this! Everyone was shocked. I'm absolutely sure it was a woman's silhouette. I only had 6 seconds, I only managed to shoot a medium shot. Only then did the object disappear.”
After filming, doctors had to put several stitches on John Edward's head. Fragments of the dramatic shooting will be released in one of the upcoming episodes of the program “Journey into the Unknown with John Edward” on the Zone Reality TV channel.
Captain Edward John Smith is an extraordinary personality, whose name is forever inscribed in history due to his involvement in the largest disaster on the water.
Childhood and family
Edward John Smith, whose biography begins with his birth on the twenty-seventh of January one thousand eight hundred and fiftieth, is very famous.
The boy was born into the family of Edward Smith and Catherine Hancock (Marsh) in the small town of Hanley, in Staffordshire, Great Britain.
John Edward was the son of a potter. The father instilled a love for his work, but his son was interested in travel, the sea, and distant countries. The boy’s mother was a good banker, but later chose to open her own grocery store over office work.
Carier start
At the age of twelve, Titanic captain Edward John Smith lost his father to tuberculosis. The boy had to leave school and get a job at a factory in Stoke-on-Trent, where a young but very persistent worker was entrusted with operating a steam hammer. But this work did not bring the young man the desired pleasure. He dreamed of the sea and travel.
At the age of seventeen, fate brought him to Liverpool, where he forever connected his life with ships and the sea.
After two years of training, John Edward was able to find his first job on the sailing ship Senator Weber, in a company that specialized in the transportation of goods. The persistent young man did not disdain any work. He quickly moved up the career ladder and after four years he received the right to occupy the position of assistant captain.
In one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, twenty-six-year-old John Edward headed his first ship, the Lizzie Fennell. Over the next three years, she covered hundreds of thousands of nautical miles, carrying cargo between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Big changes
In 1880, the captain’s long-time dream came true - he was able to join the ranks of the largest and most powerful shipping company of that time, the White Star Line.
The catch was that the corporation barely handled cargo transportation. The main direction of the company's work was the movement of passengers.
Due to the fact that passenger ships are distinguished by their handling, the already accomplished captain had to start his career again from the very bottom.
Thanks to his hard work and perseverance, seven years later he again took the helm on the main bridge.
In subsequent years, John Edward managed such ships as the Republic, Baltic, Coptic, Adriatic, Germanic, Runik and others.
In one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, the captain was entrusted with the management of the company's largest steamship, the Majestic. From that time on, Edward Smith could only be found on huge ships.
The public using the services of liners of this class was more than wealthy. John Edward was nicknamed “Captain of Millionaires.”
Military service
The situation in the world was heating up. In one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight, the captain was enrolled in the British Naval Reserve.
He did not take part in active hostilities. However, Edward had to make several voyages to transport troops to the shores of South Africa, where the Boer War took place.
In nineteen hundred and four, the captain was awarded the officer military rank of “commodore”.
Family life
The year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven was marked for John Edward not only by success in his career. On the twelfth of July he married Sarah Eleanor Pennington. Already on April 2 of the following year, their young family celebrated their new addition - they had a daughter, who was named Helen.
The captain's family life took place in a large, spacious house built of red brick in the suburbs of Southampton.
Last flight
On April tenth, nineteen hundred and twelve, the most ambitious project of the early twentieth century, striking in its scale even after a hundred years, set sail from the port of Southamptor - an ultra-modern liner called the Titanic. The ship was built over three years at a shipyard in Belfast.
The displacement of the Titanic was 52,310 tons, the speed was up to twenty-three knots, it was characterized by a steel hull, a power plant with a capacity of fifty-five thousand horsepower, and one thousand three hundred and seventeen passengers on board. And the famous captain was appointed to manage this colossus.
"Edward John Smith! He will lead the Titanic!” - these were the newspaper headlines dedicated to the legendary ship.
The liner was considered unsinkable. The development engineers were confident that the compartments they designed with impenetrable bulkheads would help the ship withstand any elements.
For John Smith, this was supposed to be the last flight in his career, after which he was supposed to go into a well-deserved retirement.
Catastrophe
According to the official version, on the night from the fourteenth to the fifteenth of April one thousand nine hundred and twelve, the liner collided with an iceberg, it received critical holes. The ship began to sink quickly and after three hours it finally sank to the bottom.
The exact number of deaths has been established - one thousand four hundred and ninety-six people. There were seven hundred and twelve survivors.
The captain's last minutes
The most basic version is that the officer shot himself. The accounts of the surviving crew members differ. Some claim that they last saw John Smith on the captain's bridge. Others are sure that he ended up among other people in the water. Someone even tried to help the captain get into the boat, but these attempts were unsuccessful.
John Smith's body was never found. His soul remained with the ocean forever.
The captain's family after the disaster
His wife Sarah lived another nineteen years after the death of her husband. In 1931, she died in a car accident in London, where she subsequently moved.
Daughter Helen lived an active and interesting life - she was an entrepreneur and a racing car pilot.
The girl followed with interest all the news related to the Titanic. They note that she repeatedly visited the film sets and looked very carefully at the actor who played her father.
John Edward Robinson (John Edward Robinson) was born in 1943 in Cicero, Illinois (Cicero, Illinois). He was the third son among five children in the family, his father was an alcoholic.
As a child, John was a member of Scout Eagle, and even traveled to London as part of the scouting program. He later attended Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago, but dropped out after just a year due to disciplinary problems.
In 1961, Robinson began studying at Morton Junior College, intending to become a medical specialist. technology, but this study did not last too long - after two years he abandoned this idea.
In 1964, Robinson moved to Kansas City and married Nancy Jo Lynch, and a year later their first child, son John Jr., was born; in 1971, twins Christopher and Christine appeared in the family.
John was first arrested in 1969 in Kansas City for embezzling $33,000; he was then working on the X-ray machine in the office of Dr. Wallace Graham; as it turned out, he forged documents to obtain this position. The first time, Robinson received a 3-year suspended sentence.
In 1970, he violated the rules of his probation by going to Chicago, where he also began working as an insurance agent for the R.B. Jones Company using false documents. He was arrested a second time in 1971, when money in the company's coffers began to rapidly disappear.
Robinson was escorted back to Kansas City, where his probation was extended as punishment.
However, John did not let up, and in 1975 his term was extended again, this time due to theft and fraud with securities.
Best of the day
It is noteworthy that this time John had changed - he looked like a completely respectable citizen, an excellent family man. He worked as a baseball coach for the Scouts and also taught Sunday school. He even became the chairman of a charitable organization, within which he received the title of “Person of the Year.”
It would seem that his criminal past was over, but an unfortunate episode - fraud with checks in the late 1970s and early 1980s - again made him the object of close attention of the police.
It is known that during the same period, John joined a certain sect called the R.B. Jones Company, whose cult was sadomasochism.
The killings began in 1984.
Robinson's first victim was Paula Godfrey, who he allegedly hired as a sales representative. She told her family that her new boss was sending her to study, and no one heard from her again. When Paul’s relatives put him on the wanted list, the police became interested in John, but he “could not help.” At the same time, the family suddenly received a letter from Paula, in which she said that everything was fine with her, and she simply did not want to see her family.
In 1985, a certain John Osborne met Lisa Stasi and her 4-month-old daughter Tiffany. A few days later, John's brother and his wife, who could not have children, received a 4-month-old girl, whose documents were in perfect order. As you might guess, no one ever saw Lisa Stasi again, and Robinson was hiding under the name Osborne.
In June 1987, 27-year-old Catherine Clampitt disappeared without a trace while she was looking for work in Kansas City.
Robinson spent the period from 1987-1993 in prison, again for fraud.
After Robinson was released from prison in 1993, he became something of a champion, albeit in a very vile occupation. So, it was John Robinson who became the first serial killer who found his victims using the Internet. It was online that the criminal negotiated meetings with his future victims in thematic chat rooms and forums, using the nickname Slavemaster. His first victim in his new capacity was Sheila Faith, a 45-year-old woman with a disabled daughter.
Later, a meeting with John, who was very popular on the Internet, became fatal for 21-year-old Polish emigrant Izabela Lewicka. She was followed by Suzette Trouten.
Over time, intoxicated by impunity, Robinson, like many of his “colleagues,” lost caution, and, as often happens, he was caught stealing a sex toy.
The chain of investigation revealed to the police more and more terrible pictures of Robinson's life.
In 2002, Robinson stood trial in Kansas City; he was found guilty on all charges and received a death sentence.
The sentence against Robinson has not yet been carried out, since more and more new details are constantly emerging in his case, and also because the bodies of not all of his victims have been found.
So, along with the fact that John Edward Robinson is a serial killer, swindler, swindler, kidnapper and forger, he can “boast” of another title - the First Internet Serial Killer.