1.1. Can we save money?

Human energy consumption is constantly growing. The difference between Stone Age man and modern man is enormous, especially in the use of energy.

The caveman consumed about 1% of the amount of energy that a modern inhabitant of the Earth consumes. Does this mean there is more energy on Earth? No! It has become more accessible, but there is not more of it than before.

If you remember law of energy conservation, then the amount of energy in nature is constant. It does not arise from nothing and cannot disappear into nowhere. It simply passes from one form to another. No one has yet been able to prove this theoretically, but the fact remains and we must accept it and stick with it until someone proves otherwise.

So, the problem of intelligent use of energy is one of the most pressing problems of humanity. The place of our society among economically developed countries and the standard of living of citizens depend on the results of solving this problem.

Therefore, when drawing up a work plan for a research paper in physics “How to save electricity”, I thought: Do we know how to save energy in our own home?

To make the picture complete, I decided to conduct a survey among the academy employees: teachers, educators, trainers, office workers.

Total in 62 employees took part in the survey. Questions were drawn up that addressed the main ways to save energy in the family. Questionnaires were distributed and then processed. The results turned out to be quite good.

1. 16 - 20 answers – “ Yes»

55% of all respondents can become ministers of nature protection, know how to save energy, and care about the family budget.

2. 11 to 15 answers " YES»

40% are a good example of everyone else, but pay little attention to saving water.

3. 6 to 10 responses " YES»:

3% of survey participants have many good habits that can serve as a basis for further work on themselves, but they need to think about such seemingly trifles as curtaining windows and ventilating rooms.

4. From 1 to 5 answers " YES»:

2% of survey participants still have a lot to learn.

But as it turned out, my friends and comrades do not always manage to save. I conducted a survey among them.

1. To the question “ I turn off the water when I soap myself in the shower."There was one positive answer - 3%.

2. Close the water tap tightly so that water does not drip from it - 85%.

3. 1 of the guys surveyed turns off the water when brushing their teeth - 3%.

4. Write on both sides of the paper sheet - 75%.

5. Turn off the lights when leaving the room - 50%.

6. Unplug the charger from the outlet when the phone is charged (when they are at home) - 34%.

7. Turn off the computer, tablet, laptop from the network when they go to bed (at home) - 25%.

The conclusion suggests itself - We know little about saving energy while we consume more than we put out..

Introduction

It is clear that sustainable development requires efficient use of available energy sources, since absolutely safe energy sources do not exist. Every use of energy has some impact on the environment. Let’s not talk about such recognized “harmful” methods of generating energy as thermal and nuclear power plants. Hydroelectric power plants have a major impact on the environment. To obtain energy using this method, it is necessary to flood vast areas of land, which could be used for arable land, forests, construction, or left untouched as a specially protected natural area. In addition, there is the problem of migration of fish and other aquatic organisms along rivers blocked by hydroelectric power plants.

Wind farms produce a lot of noise, which is known to have a negative impact on the health of organisms. In addition, many birds die under the blades of wind turbines at power plants. Solar batteries consume a huge amount of expensive materials, and their service life is short - about 20 years. Geothermal stations, which use the heat of the earth's interior, are also not a solution to the problem. When producing energy in this way, there is a large amount of sulfur-containing waste, and hot brine released into rivers can cause an environmental disaster. Other methods of obtaining energy also have their disadvantages. With any method of obtaining energy, resources are spent on the manufacture of equipment and useful land area is wasted.

It is clear that the development of civilization cannot be reversed and return to the use of labor-intensive manual technologies, or abandon the use of electricity and machines. Even if we all wanted this in the name of preserving nature, this is no longer possible due to the high population. Even solving a food problem requires enormous amounts of energy.

But do people often think that by turning on this or that electrical appliance, we unwittingly harm the environment? How to make sure that not one kilowatt is wasted in vain? How to reduce electricity consumption at home?

In order to attract people's attention to the problem of energy saving, as well as to find out how informed they are about this problem and what they are doing at the household level to save it, we conducted a sociological survey. Thus, we tried to draw people's attention to this problem in the form of questions. Moreover, our Primorsky district participates in the international program “Agenda 21” (Agenda 21) and our work will be a small contribution to this program. We are going to transfer the data from this survey to the district ecologist.

Methodology for conducting a sociological survey on the problem of energy saving

We interviewed people using a pre-developed questionnaire, for most items of which ready-made expected answers were given. Some questions were not answered so that respondents could offer their own answer. In this case, each response received was recorded separately.

The survey was conducted anonymously. 23 schoolchildren from grades 5 to 11 and 34 adults were interviewed. Since the answers of adults and schoolchildren were recorded in different colors, it was possible to calculate how schoolchildren and adults answered. Both acquaintances (the majority) and random passers-by on the street were surveyed.

The percentage of responses for each item was calculated for schoolchildren, adults and the total number.

Results of a sociological survey

1. Have you ever thought that in the near future the problem of obtaining energy (oil, gas, coal) will arise?

Table 1

	Answered by adults		Schoolchildren responded		Total answered
Yes	14	41,2	3	13	17	20,8
No	10	29,4	14	60,9	24	42,1
Rarely	10	29,4	6	26,1	16	28,1

2. Do you try to save energy?

table 2

	Answered by adults	Percentage of adults responding	Schoolchildren responded	Percentage of schoolchildren who responded	Total answered	Percentage of total respondents
Yes	14	41,2	10	43,5	24	42,1
No	12	35,3	12	52,2	24	42,1
Rarely	8	23,5	1	4,3	9	16,8

3. Do you think that the production of any type of electricity is harmful to the environment?

Table 3

	Answered by adults	Percentage of adults responding	Schoolchildren responded	Percentage of schoolchildren who responded	Total answered	Percentage of total respondents
Yes	23	67,6	10	43,5	33	57,9
No	8	23,6	5	21,7	13	22,8
Don't know	3	8,8	8	34,8	11	19,3

4. Are your apartment windows sealed?

Table 4

	Answered by adults	Schoolchildren responded	Total answered	Percentage of total respondents
Yes	32	13	45	78,9
No	2	10	12	21,1

5. Do you have energy-saving light bulbs (for example, halogen or fluorescent lamps) in your home?

Table 5

	Answered by adults	Schoolchildren responded	Total answered	Percentage of total respondents
One or more	20	8	28	49,1
A lot of	2	2	2	3,5
No	14	13	27	47,4

6. If you don't use them, what's the reason?

Table 6

	Answered by adults	Schoolchildren responded	Total answered	Percentage of total respondents
Expensive	9	1	10	34,7
Didn't think about it	1	10	11	37,8
I don't like	4	4	8	27,5

7. What, in your opinion, is the biggest waste of electricity in everyday life?

Table 7

8. What is the most effective way to save energy?

Table 8

Possible answer	Answered by adults	Schoolchildren responded	Total
Turn off unused appliances Don't fry meat Switch off the light Use less electrical appliances Watch less TV Insulate the apartment Serviceable wiring and instruments Cook less on the stove Do not use (without decryption) Have nothing Use alternative energy sources Don't know	3 10 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 17	10 0 8 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2	13 10 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19

9. What do you yourself do for this?

Table 9

Assessment of the activities of public utilities:

10. Is the front door equipped with a spring?

Table 10

11. Are all the windows installed in the entrance?

Table 11

12. Are the lights often on in the entrance and on the street during the day?

Table 12

The survey revealed that many houses are designed in such a way that there are no windows at all on the landings. Therefore, it is necessary to use lighting around the clock. But the lights are not turned off during the day even where there are windows, and the use of lighting during the day is not required.

13. Are you satisfied with the temperature of the central heating radiators?

Table 13

14. If it’s cold in your apartment, how do you heat yourself?

Table 14

The discussion of the results

The results of a sociological survey showed that adults are much more often concerned about energy saving problems. Thus, among the adults we surveyed, when asked: “Have you ever thought that in the near future the problem of obtaining energy (oil, gas, coal) will arise?” 42% of adults answered affirmatively and 3 times less - 13% of schoolchildren, and negatively - 29.4% of adults and 60% of schoolchildren. Consequently, schools pay little attention to this problem. In general, 29.8% of the surveyed population think about this issue and 42.1 do not think about it.

It is possible that adults, despite the anonymity of the survey, wanted to appear more “correct” to us, but perhaps they more often have to deal with energy problems in everyday life.

However, to the question: “Are you trying to save energy?” Schoolchildren gave more positive answers: 43.5% (always) and 52.2% (sometimes), adults answered 35.3% (always) and 52.2% (sometimes). Thus, 84.2% of the population always or from time to time tries to save energy, and 16.8% does not save at all. If you convert this to kW, this is a lot. So, one woman admitted that she uses up to 500 kW per month!

During the survey, it turned out that many people do not understand the difference between “saving money” on energy consumed and “saving energy” itself. It turned out that apartments are often not equipped with electricity meters and people pay “according to the average.” Often these people did not understand how and why it was necessary to save energy. We took this point into account and when conducting the next sociological survey (and we plan to continue the work), we will include in the questionnaire the question “Do you have an electricity meter?”

57.9% of all respondents recognize the impact of electricity production on the environment and 22.8 do not believe that each of the existing methods of electricity production affects the environment in one way or another.

The apartments of 78.9% of the population are insulated, the rest answered that they are still warm. Thus, this is another resource for energy saving. It turned out that residents of the top floors complain about the heat, while residents of the lower floors are freezing. The answer to the question: “Are you satisfied with the temperature of the central heating radiators?” 82.5% of respondents answered that the temperature of the radiators was satisfactory; it was cold for 15.8% of respondents (mainly residents of the lower floors) and hot for 1.7% of respondents (top floor).

52.6% of respondents have energy-saving lamps, and 3.5% actively use them. 34% do not use energy-saving light bulbs. Of those who do not use them, 34.7% answered that they are expensive, 27.5% do not like these lamps, and many who gave this answer said that they are harmful to vision, and 37.8% did not think about why they do not use these lamps.

The majority of respondents believe (26 out of 56) that the most energy is spent on cooking, and, in particular, on frying meat. Therefore, 20 respondents do not fry meat and this, in their opinion, contributes to energy savings. Moreover, it was mainly adults who named the stove as the main energy consumer (24 adults and 2 schoolchildren). Schoolchildren believe that electricity is spent mainly on light (10 answers) and television (8 answers from schoolchildren and 1 adult). Adults called the washing machine the same way (8 answers). Heating appliances, a refrigerator, electrical goods in general, a tape recorder and even a telephone were also mentioned (2! answers).

To the question: “What is the most effective way to conserve energy?” half of the adults surveyed found it difficult to answer. 10 people answered: “Do not fry meat” (adults). Schoolchildren suggested turning off unnecessary devices and lights (10 schoolchildren and 3 adults). Among other ways to save energy, it was suggested to insulate the dwelling, use good wiring and electrical appliances, watch less TV, have nothing, and even use alternative energy sources (as it turned out, it was given by a 3rd year student at the university’s Faculty of Biology and Soil Science).

To the question “How do you save energy?” 7 adults (20.5%) and 2 schoolchildren (8.6%) found it difficult to answer, which is quite a lot. The majority of adults (20 people) answered that they do not fry meat, and schoolchildren turn off the lights and electrical appliances (11 schoolchildren and 7 adults). Among the answers were: “I insulate the apartment,” “I close the front door,” and even “I turn off the switch in the front door.”

When assessing utility services, the following results were given: the front door is not equipped with a spring for 24.7% of respondents. There was also an answer that there weren’t even balcony doors. The windows in the entrances were broken in 38.6% of respondents. Considering that the survey was conducted in November and even snow fell, the picture is not favorable. The light is on, without being turned off during daylight hours, in the entrance and even on the street for 63.2% of respondents always, 17.5 rarely and only 19.3% never.

In cold weather, 45% of residents use warm clothes, 17% heat themselves with electrical appliances and 15.8% use gas.

Thus, if utilities themselves paid for the losses caused by their poor performance, many kW of energy could be saved.

Based on the survey, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Residents of the Primorsky district pay insufficient attention to the problem of energy saving.
Although adults are more likely to think about this problem, schoolchildren are more likely to save energy.
In apartments equipped with electric meters, people are more likely to care about saving electricity.
The district's public services are not doing enough to save energy and create comfortable living conditions for residents.
When surveying residents, some thought about the problem of energy saving for the first time.

Literature

Nebel B., Environmental Science. How the world works, vol. 2, M., Mir, 1993
Local agenda for the 21st century for the Primorsky region. The publication was prepared by the Local Agenda Forum for the Primorsky District under the leadership of the Environmental Protection Department of the Administration of St. Petersburg.
Revelle P., Revelle Ch., Our habitat. Energy problems of humanity, vol. 3, M., Mir, 1995

Let's learn to save!!!

As part of the “Energy Saving” week, a survey of teachers was conducted: “Do we know how to save?” Teachers were surveyed to check the level of knowledge and skills in the field of energy saving. We have summed up the results.

Based on the results of the survey, we found that 60% of our teachers have developed economically correct actions. For 40% of our teachers, knowledge and actions in the field of energy saving are at an average level and they still need to work in this direction.

Below we present to your attention this questionnaire. You can go through it for yourself and determine how economical and thrifty a person you are.

Questionnaire “Can we save?”

No.	Questions	Yes	No
	We ventilate the room quickly and do not open the windows for a long time.
	We do not block the path to heat, poorly placed furniture in front of the radiators
	At night, we lower the blinds and close the curtains to reduce heat loss through the windows.
	We installed double glazed windows at home.
	We use energy-saving light bulbs for lighting.
	We often use local lighting (table lamp, sconce, floor lamp), which allows us to reduce the amount of electricity.
	Keep the windows clean for better illumination.
	When cooking, I close the pan with a lid.
	To heat water I use a gas stove more often than electrical appliances.
	We do not leave electrical appliances in “standby mode”.
	We use the capacity of the washing machine optimally, choosing the most rational washing modes.

Count all the answers: for each “Yes” you get 1 point, for each “No” you get 0 points.

If you succeed:

From 1 to 5 points: you still have a lot to learn to become a conscious person, so start doing it now.

From 6 to 9 points: You have many good habits that can serve as a basis for further work on yourself and on energy conservation in your home.

From 9 to 11 points: You are a good example to everyone else, your behavior and actions are economically correct, you deserve praise.

online shopping. By purchasing online, you can save a lot. For example, you can buy clothes and shoes for yourself in an online women's clothing store. And also clothes for children, cosmetics, books, household appliances, anything! You can be in Moscow, Kyiv, or the village of Kukuevo, but you will get the product you like cheaper than in the store. This is due to the fact that online stores incur much lower costs than their offline counterparts: you do not need to spend huge amounts of money on renting premises, on sellers, and much more.
counters. Many people know that by installing meters on all meters, you can save money. But something stops people from installing them - whether it’s the price of the meter or simple laziness. And very much in vain. It is very profitable to install two-tariff meters for electricity, because at night the tariff is much cheaper. You can run the washing machine, dishwasher, and multicooker at night. By installing water meters, you can control water consumption and also save.
expense accounting. This, in fact, is budgeting. You need to write down ALL your expenses, and then analyze them to understand where you are being too wasteful. Always take receipts from stores to make it easier to remember your expenses later. To easily analyze expenses, I recommend installing a special program on your computer or an application on your phone. There are a lot of such programs now, Google and Play market can help you!
lists. Does it ever happen to you that you go to the store to buy bread, but at the same time buy a whole bag of groceries? Everything except bread) I had it, more than once. In such cases, lists are very helpful. In advance, before going to the store, leave a list of what you need, take as much money as you need only for this list (approximately) and go ahead! It is unlikely that you will be able to buy something extra. And by the way, it’s better not to go to the grocery store on an empty stomach, because when we’re hungry, we’re ready to buy everything we need and don’t need.
discounts. Very strong competition in the retail world forces sellers to reduce prices on goods. Stores are constantly coming up with promotions on popular products, so let's take advantage of it! True, sellers have their own calculations - when you buy one product at a promotion, you will buy ten more at a regular price or even at an inflated price. Therefore, experts in saving the family budget recommend buying in several stores, especially since promotions are usually not repeated, and you can profitably buy one product in one store, another in a second. Many stores publish their own newspapers or leaflets with current promotions, don’t disdain them, they will come in handy when planning profitable purchases. But bonus cards and various savings programs are not always profitable. This is how stores try to make you a regular customer who will buy everything only from them, with or without promotions.

These are all the ways to save money that seemed simple and attractive to me. By following the suggested methods, you can improve your budget well! I hope it was useful)

Have you already started saving? Take part in the survey, let's see how many of us are like that, caring about our money)

Questionnaire No. 1.

to determine the level of environmental culture.

Are you convinced of the need to preserve nature? Why?
Do you have an interest in environmental issues? What does this mean?
Name the leading environmental problems of the world, Russia, Tomsk region
What is nature?
What is ecology?
What is nature conservation?
What are the rules of human behavior in nature?
What value does nature have for humans, for you personally?
Do you feel the need to constantly communicate with nature?
What environmental and environmental activities were carried out at your school?
What have you done and what else could you do that is useful to protect nature?
What attracts you to environmental work?
What action of your comrades do you consider the best (bad) to protect nature?
What do you think people could do most usefully to protect nature?
What principles should a person be guided by when building his relationship with nature?
How do you assess the level of your environmental culture?

I have a low level

I have an average level

I have a high level

I find it difficult to determine.

Questionnaire No. 2.

Nature's Certificate of Conduct

(questionnaire to identify interest in environmental problems,

level of environmental knowledge).

What is nature?
What does it mean to protect nature?

For whom should a person protect nature?

From whom should a person protect nature?

What is the International Red Book?
What does the red color of the Red Book mean?
What color pages are the International Red Book?

What animals living in Russia are listed in the International Red Book?
What forms of protected natural areas do you know?
What nature reserves are located in Russia and the Tomsk region?
What are the environmental problems of the world? Russia and Tomsk region?

What is called the lungs of the planet? Why?
Is it correct to divide plants and animals into useful and harmful?

What can you personally do to protect nature?

Questionnaire No. 3.

Attitude to nature and its protection

(among the proposed answer options, you must mark the choice “+”)

How do you feel about nature?

a) carefully;

b) responsibly

c) indifferent;

d) with love;

d) uncertain.

What determines your attitude towards nature?

What is the main factor of environmental pollution?

a) transport;

b) industry;

c) agriculture;

d) human activity;

e) nuclear power plants.

Who, in your opinion, should be primarily involved in solving environmental problems?

a) government

b) Ministry of Nature Protection;

c) every person;

d) specialists in the field of environmental protection;

e) the Green Party;

In your opinion, is there any environmental information that should not be widely disseminated?

b) more likely yes than no;

c) rather no than yes;

What are the main problems of nature conservation?

Name the natural objects in our country that are on the verge of environmental disaster.

Who bears the greatest responsibility for disturbing the ecological balance?

a) managers of industrial enterprises;

b) ministries;

c) each specific person;

d) scientists;

e) education system.

What, in your opinion, underlies environmental culture?

a) fear for one’s own future, for all life on earth;

c) the health of future generations;

d) awareness of responsibility for the further evolution of the biosphere;

Would you like your future profession to be related to nature, environmental protection

Appendix 2

Projective test.

(the nature of students’ actions in a particular situation directly related to nature).

Exercise: finish the sentence you started.

1. If I choose a profession related to natural phenomena, for example,__________________________________________then_________________

2. Having met a poacher in the forest, I

3. I am one of the people who love nature because

4. If I were an artist and found myself on a river or by the sea

5. I would like to visit the environmental camp for schoolchildren, because (to)

6. In the near future I would like to go on a hike to

Situational test.

(identification of the level of development of environmental consciousness, value environmental orientations).

Exercise: read B. Vasiliev’s story “The Magnificent Six” and answer the following questions:

1. What value does nature have for humans?

2. Based on a person’s relationship to nature, is it possible to judge the general level of development, the level of human culture?

3. How would you characterize the attitude towards nature of the “magnificent six”, the counselor, and the old groom?

4. How consistent is the behavior of the main characters in the story with the norms and rules of human behavior towards animals?

5. Assess the behavior and activities of the main characters of the story in relation to nature.

6. What could you suggest to resolve the situation (problem) described in the story?

"Environmental Ethics".

(identification of knowledge about the rules and norms of behavior in nature).

Exercise: write an essay (story) about your walk in the forest - how to behave during a walk in the forest, formulate the rules of human behavior in nature.

PROCESSING RESULTS:

Analyzing the test results, the teacher determines:

· a range of formulated norms and rules of human behavior in nature;

· repeatability of individual norms and rules;

· the desire of students to self-identify with norms and rules;

· level of reflection by students on the norms and rules of human behavior in nature;

· level of personal awareness by students of norms and rules of behavior;

· adequacy of students' environmental consciousness and behavior in nature.

"Communication with nature."

1.How often do you go to the forest, park, square?

Almost every day.
Almost every weekend.
Once a month.
Once a season.
Only during the holidays: a) summer; b) autumn; c) winter; d) spring.
Very rarely.
I find it difficult to answer.

2. Who do you go out with most often?

Enter the numbers: 1 – constantly; 2 – sometimes; 3 – never.

a) with a teacher;

b) with parents;

c) with relatives;

d) with friends;

e) with the guys from the creative association.

3. What do you like to do outdoors? Circle the correct answers.

Play sports (run, slide, etc.).
Work in the garden, vegetable garden.
Draw, take photographs.
Admire nature and its beauty.
Collect flowers.
Listen to sounds, noises, birdsong.
Collect berries and mushrooms.
Feed wintering birds and squirrels.
Go on hikes and excursions.
Clear springs and river banks of debris.
Landscaping the street area.
Swim, sunbathe, relax.
Watch birds, insects and other animals.

Who do you talk to about environmental issues? Enter the numbers (1 - always; 2 - sometimes; 3 - never).

a) With parents.

b) With other relatives.

c) With a teacher.

d) with friends.

d) With no one.

g) Add _________________________

2. What help can you and your friends provide in protecting and restoring nature? (Write).

Which of the following matters are for you:

5) the most interesting;

4) very interesting;

3) largely interesting;

2) little interesting;

1) least interesting.

Please rate each item according to your level of interest in this activity:

1) reading books, magazines, newspapers on environmental topics;

2) watching and discussing television programs on environmental topics;

3) cleaning streets and parks from pollution;

4) speaking to peers on an environmental topic;

5) bird protection, food preparation, feeding of wintering birds, production of feeders, artificial nesting boxes;

6) production of leaflets and posters on environmental topics;

7) photographing;

8) participation in competitions, exhibitions, promotions, operations.

Processing of received data. Processing data for each block will make it possible to determine the level of readiness of students to perform environmentally significant activities.

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